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1.1: Chemistry as a Science

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    254750
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    What is Chemistry

    Let's start with Webster's Dictionary:

    a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo ("Chemistry." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 16 May 2016.)

    And Oxford's Dictionary:

    The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes to form new substances. (chemistry. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 17 May 2016. )

    So Chemistry is a Science.

     

     

     


    What Distinguishes a Science From Other Types of Academic Disciplines?

    This is a good question, and I would say the Scientific Method.

    Democritus2.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Democritus (right, public domain ) Greek amphitheatre, Siracusa (right, cc-by-2.0 Andrea Schaffer)

    Democritus of pre-socratic Greece came up with an ancient atomistic theory that viewed mater as being based on two fundamental entities, atoms and the void. This ancient theory was similar in principle to the modern atomistic theory and is in fact where the name "atom" came from. The fundamental difference is that it was not based on the Scientific Method and the rigorous verification based on empirical (measurable) data. In essence, many philosophies could produce understanding and frameworks for understanding that gained societal acceptance through oration and debate, but just because they were widely accepted, did not mean they were correct. The scientific method places faith on measurable entities and the repeatability of the causal relations between them.


    So What is the Scientific Method?

    The Scientific method is a philosophy based on the process of making observations, forming hypothesis that could explain the observations, and testing the hypothesis through experimentation.

    clipboard_ece6970b3843fa57839f9905d27efb179.png
    File:The Scientific Method (simple).png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Two flowcharts of the Scientific Method (left by Belford, right cc.10 by Thebiologyprimer).  The flow chart on the left shows the role of theory and how scientific laws can evolve while the one on the right emphasizes the continual evolving nature of scientific knowledge.

    A theory is a mental construct or model that explains what is happening, and is often the basis for further hypothesis to test with additional experiments. A theory can be right for the wrong reason. A scientific law is a refined result of this process that can never be broken and allows us to predict what will happen, but does not explain why. For example, the first law of thermodynamics says that the energy of the universe is constant, so if heat is transferred from one object to another in an isolated system, the heat lost by one will be the same quantity as the heat gained by the other.  If a process occurs where energy is not conserved, the first law of thermodynamics would be invalidated, and it would no longer be a law.

    The Scientific Method is sort of the philosophy of which scientific knowledge is based upon


    What is the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Information?

    Qualitative information is based on observables, like ice floats on water, or chlorophyll is green, or the patterns of the lines on your fingerprint. Qualitative data can be used to identify what something is.

    Quantitative information relates to a measurable quantity. Quantitative data may be a number like the number of seats in a room, but it also may have a number and a unit, like the number of grams a dime weighs. Quantitative data tells you how much of an observable you have.


    How Old is Chemistry as an Applied Science?

    As an applied science, chemistry dates to antiquity.

    File:Primitive man making tools and using fire at the Museum of Vietnamese History.JPG
    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Primitive man making tools and using fire, (left, cc 3.0 - Museum of Vietnamese History) and possibly 52,000 year old painting of bovine from Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave (right, public domain)

    Primitive man learned how to make and keep fire that allowed him to cook and keep warm. Primitive man learned how to extract pigments from minerals that were used to paint their caves, and some of these have lasted multiple thousands of years. There were often religious overtures to their use of applied chemistry as shamans used these technologies to interact with their spirit world.


    How old is Chemistry as a Modern Science?

    Let's compare the text on two documents, one from 1776 and one from 1808.

    File:US Declaration of Independence us0036 03.jpg
    File:Daltons symbols.gif
    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): On the left is an image of the U.S. Declaration of Independence written in 1776, and on the right an image from John Dalton's 1808 book, "A New System of Chemical Philosphy" (both images in Public Domain). 

    The image on the left is the U.S. Declaration of Independence, while the image on the right comes from John Dalton's 1808 book, "A New System of Chemical Philosophy", which was written 32 years after the United States Declaration of Independence. Note that even in these recent times, hydrogen was not "H" but a circle with a dot in the middle of it, and Oxygen was a circle, and water was the two next to each other. The symbols of the periodic table that are so common today did not even exist when George Washington was president!

     


    This page titled 1.1: Chemistry as a Science is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Robert Belford.

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