12.9: Infrared Spectra of Some Common Functional Groups
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Objective
After completing this section, you should be able to use an infrared spectrum to determine the presence of functional groups, such as alcohols, amines and carbonyl groups, in an unknown compound, given a list of infrared absorption frequencies.
Study Notes
In Chapter 12.7 you should have learned, in broad terms, where a few key absorptions occur. Otherwise, to find the characteristic infrared absorptions of the various functional groups, refer to this IR table .
Spectral Interpretation by Application of Group Frequencies
One of the most common application of infrared spectroscopy is to the identification of organic compounds. The major classes of organic molecules are shown in this category and also linked on the bottom page for the number of collections of spectral information regarding organic molecules.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons compounds contain only C-H and C-C bonds, but there is plenty of information to be obtained from the infrared spectra arising from C-H stretching and C-H bending.
In alkanes, which have very few bands, each band in the spectrum can be assigned:
- C–H stretch from 3000–2850 cm -1
- C–H bend or scissoring from 1470-1450 cm -1
- C–H rock, methyl from 1370-1350 cm -1
- C–H rock, methyl, seen only in long chain alkanes, from 725-720 cm -1
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows the IR spectrum of octane. Since most organic compounds have these features, these C-H vibrations are usually not noted when interpreting a routine IR spectrum. Note that the change in dipole moment with respect to distance for the C-H stretching is greater than that for others shown, which is why the C-H stretch band is the more intense.
In alkenes compounds, each band in the spectrum can be assigned:
- C=C stretch from 1680-1640 cm -1
- =C–H stretch from 3100-3000 cm -1
- =C–H bend from 1000-650 cm -1
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) shows the IR spectrum of 1-octene. As alkanes compounds, these bands are not specific and are generally not noted because they are present in almost all organic molecules.
In alkynes, each band in the spectrum can be assigned:
- –C≡C– stretch from 2260-2100 cm -1
- –C≡C–H: C–H stretch from 3330-3270 cm -1
- –C≡C–H: C–H bend from 700-610 cm -1
The spectrum of 1-hexyne, a terminal alkyne, is shown below.
In aromatic compounds, each band in the spectrum can be assigned:
- C–H stretch from 3100-3000 cm -1
- overtones, weak, from 2000-1665 cm -1
- C–C stretch (in-ring) from 1600-1585 cm -1
- C–C stretch (in-ring) from 1500-1400 cm -1
- C–H "oop" from 900-675 cm -1
Note that this is at slightly higher frequency than is the –C–H stretch in alkanes. This is a very useful tool for interpreting IR spectra. Only alkenes and aromatics show a C–H stretch slightly higher than 3000 cm -1 . Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\) shows the spectrum of toluene.
Functional Groups Containing the C-O Bond
Alcohols have IR absorptions associated with both the O-H and the C-O stretching vibrations.
- O–H stretch, hydrogen bonded 3500-3200 cm -1
- C–O stretch 1260-1050 cm -1 (s)
Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\) shows the spectrum of ethanol. Note the very broad, strong band of the O–H stretch.
The carbonyl stretching vibration band C=O of saturated aliphatic ketones appears:
- C=O stretch - aliphatic ketones 1715 cm -1
- α, β -unsaturated ketones 1685-1666 cm -1
Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\) shows the spectrum of 2-butanone. This is a saturated ketone, and the C=O band appears at 1715.
If a compound is suspected to be an aldehyde, a peak always appears around 2720 cm -1 which often appears as a shoulder-type peak just to the right of the alkyl C–H stretches.
- H–C=O stretch 2830-2695 cm -1
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C=O stretch:
- aliphatic aldehydes 1740-1720 cm -1
- α, β -unsaturated aldehydes 1710-1685 cm -1
Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\) shows the spectrum of butyraldehyde.
The carbonyl stretch C=O of esters appears:
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C=O stretch
- aliphatic from 1750-1735 cm -1
- α, β -unsaturated from 1730-1715 cm -1
- C–O stretch from 1300-1000 cm -1
Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): shows the spectrum of ethyl benzoate.
The carbonyl stretch C=O of a carboxylic acid appears as an intense band from 1760-1690 cm -1 . The exact position of this broad band depends on whether the carboxylic acid is saturated or unsaturated, dimerized, or has internal hydrogen bonding.
- O–H stretch from 3300-2500 cm -1
- C=O stretch from 1760-1690 cm -1
- C–O stretch from 1320-1210 cm -1
- O–H bend from 1440-1395 and 950-910 cm -1
Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\): shows the spectrum of hexanoic acid.
Organic Nitrogen Compounds
- N–O asymmetric stretch from 1550-1475 cm -1
- N–O symmetric stretch from 1360-1290 cm -1
Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
Alkyl halides are compounds that have a C–X bond, where X is a halogen: bromine, chlorine, fluorene, or iodine.
- C–H wag (-CH 2 X) from 1300-1150 cm -1
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C–X stretches (general) from 850-515 cm
-1
- C–Cl stretch 850-550 cm -1
- C–Br stretch 690-515 cm -1
The spectrum of 1-chloro-2-methylpropane are shown below.
For more Infrared spectra Spectral database of organic molecules is introduced to use free database. Also, the infrared spectroscopy correlation table is linked on bottom of page to find other assigned IR peaks.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Caffeine has a mass of 194.19 amu, determined by mass spectrometry, and contains C, N, H, O. What is a molecular formula for this molecule?
- Answer
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C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2
C = 12 × 8 = 96
N = 14 × 4 = 56
H = 1 × 10 = 10
O = 2 × 16 = 32
96+56+10+32 = 194 g/mol
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
The following are the spectra for 2-methyl-2-hexene and 2-heptene, which spectra belongs to the correct molecule. Explain.
A:
B:
Source: SDBSWeb : http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2 December 2016)
- Answer
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The (A) spectrum is 2-methyl-2-hexene and the (B) spectrum is 2-heptene. Looking at (A) the peak at 68 m/z is the fractioned molecule with just the tri-substituted alkene present. While (B) has a strong peak around the 56 m/z , which in this case is the di-substituted alkene left behind from the linear heptene.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
What are the masses of all the components in the following fragmentations?
- Answer
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Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)
Which of the following frequencies/wavelengths are higher energy
- λ = 2.0x10 -6 m or λ = 3.0x10 -9 m
- υ = 3.0x10 9 Hz or υ = 3.0x10 -6 Hz
- Answer
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- λ = 3.0x10 -9 m
- υ = 3.0x10 9 Hz
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)
Calculate the energies for the following;
- Gamma Ray λ = 4.0x10 -11 m
- X-Ray λ = 4.0x10 -9 m
- UV light υ = 5.0x10 15 Hz
- Infrared Radiation λ = 3.0x10 -5 m
- Microwave Radiation υ = 3.0x10 11 Hz
- Answer
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- 4.965x10 -15 J
- 4.965x10 -17 J
- 3.31x10 -18 J
- 6.62x10 -21 J
- 1.99x10 -22 J
Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\)
What functional groups give the following signals in an IR spectrum?
- 1700 cm -1
- 1550 cm -1
- 1700 cm -1 and 2510-3000 cm -1
- Answer
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Exercise \(\PageIndex{7}\)
How can you distinguish the following pairs of compounds through IR analysis?
- CH 3 OH (Methanol) and CH 3 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 (Diethylether)
- Cyclopentane and 1-pentene.
- Answer
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- A OH peak will be present around 3300 cm -1 for methanol and will be absent in the ether.
- 1-pentene will have a alkene peak around 1650 cm -1 for the C=C and there will be another peak around 3100 cm -1 for the sp 2 C-H group on the alkene
- Cannot distinguish these two isomers. They both have the same functional groups and therefore would have the same peaks on an IR spectra.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{8}\)
The following spectra is for the accompanying compound. What are the peaks that you can I identify in the spectrum?
Source: SDBSWeb : http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2 December 2016)
- Answer
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Frequency (cm -1 ) Functional Groups
3200 C≡C-H
2900-3000 C-C-H, C=C-H
2100 C≡C
1610 C=C
(There is also an aromatic undertone region between 2000-1600 which describes the substitution on the phenyl ring.)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{9}\)
What absorptions would the following compounds have in an IR spectra?
- Answer
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A)
Frequency (cm-1) Functional Group
2900-3000 C-C-H, C=C-H
1710 C=O
1610 C=C
1100 C-O
B)
Frequency (cm-1) Functional Group
3200 C≡C-H
2900-3000 C-C-H, C=C-H
2100 C≡C
1710 C=O
C)
Frequency (cm-1) Functional Group
3300 (broad) O-H
2900-3000 C-C-H, C=C-H
2000-1800 Aromatic Overtones
1710 C=O
1610 C=C