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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols/17.02%3A_Naming_Alcohols_and_PhenolsAlcohols can be classified as primary (1 o ), secondary (2 o ), or tertiary (3 o ) depending on the number of alkyl substituents attached to the carbon bonded to the O-H group. As discussed in Section...Alcohols can be classified as primary (1 o ), secondary (2 o ), or tertiary (3 o ) depending on the number of alkyl substituents attached to the carbon bonded to the O-H group. As discussed in Section 3-3, the common system names alcohols as if the hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to a single substituent with the word alcohol added at the end (Name of the substituent + Alcohol).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/02%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_Acids_and_Bases/2.12%3A_Noncovalent_Interactions_Between_MoleculesIn contrast to intramolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms together in molecules and polyatomic ions, intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermol...In contrast to intramolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms together in molecules and polyatomic ions, intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds. The most common intermolecular forces in organic chemistry are from strongest to weakest are hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and London Dispersion (van der Waals) forces.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/27%3A_Biomolecules_-_Lipids/27.08%3A_Biosynthesis_of_SteroidsThe mechanism for the flavin-hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of squalene is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the pi electrons of a squalene double bond on the electrophilic terminal hydrope...The mechanism for the flavin-hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of squalene is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of the pi electrons of a squalene double bond on the electrophilic terminal hydroperoxide oxygen. Thus, each 1,2-hydride or 1,2-methyl shift occurs to the backside of the orbital connected to the leaving group in what can be viewed as a series of nucleophilic substitution reactions – where σ-bonding electron pairs serve as the nucleophiles.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Martin_Luther_College/Organic_Chemistry_-_MLC/05%3A_Biomolecules/5.02%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/5.2.05%3A_Peptides_and_ProteinsCritical to the structure of proteins is the fact that, although it is conventionally drawn as a single bond, the C-N bond in a peptide linkage has a significant barrier to rotation, almost as if it w...Critical to the structure of proteins is the fact that, although it is conventionally drawn as a single bond, the C-N bond in a peptide linkage has a significant barrier to rotation, almost as if it were a double bond. The structure of a peptide can be written fairly easily without showing the complete amide synthesis reaction by learning the structure of the "backbone" for peptides and proteins.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Carboxylic_Acids_and_Nitriles/20.01%3A_Chapter_Objectives_and_Introduction_to_Carboxylic_AcidsNaturalists of the 17th century knew that the sting of a red ant’s bite was due to an organic acid that the ant injected into the wound. A mnemonic phrase for the C 10 to C 20 natural fatty acids capr...Naturalists of the 17th century knew that the sting of a red ant’s bite was due to an organic acid that the ant injected into the wound. A mnemonic phrase for the C 10 to C 20 natural fatty acids capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic is: "Curly, Larry & Moe Perform Silly Antics" (note that the names of the three stooges are in alphabetical order).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_II_(Morsch_et_al.)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/16.00%3A_IntroductionMany other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and...Many other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions employed in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are commonly referred to as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The catalysts and co-reagents serve to generate the strong electrophilic species needed to effect the initial step of the substitution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_II_(Morsch_et_al.)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity/15.02%3A_Structure_and_Stability_of_BenzeneThe six-membered ring in benzene is a perfect hexagon with all carbon-carbon bonds having an identical length of 139 pm 1 . The 139 pm bond length is roughly in between those of a C=C double bond (134...The six-membered ring in benzene is a perfect hexagon with all carbon-carbon bonds having an identical length of 139 pm 1 . The 139 pm bond length is roughly in between those of a C=C double bond (134 pm) and a C-C single (154 pm) which agrees with the benzene ring being a resonance hybrid made up of 1.5 C-C bonds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_II_(Morsch_et_al.)/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity/15.05%3A_Aromatic_Heterocycles_-_Pyridine_and_PyrroleThe lone pair electrons on pyridine's nitrogen are contained in a sp 2 orbital that lies in the same plane as the ring and does not overlap with the p orbitals of the ring. When looking at the electro...The lone pair electrons on pyridine's nitrogen are contained in a sp 2 orbital that lies in the same plane as the ring and does not overlap with the p orbitals of the ring. When looking at the electrostatic potential map of imidazole, the lone pair electrons on the pyrrole-like nitrogen are distributed around the ring while the lone pair electrons on the pyridine-like nitrogen are non-conjugated and locked into place.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_III_(Morsch_et_al.)/29%3A_Orbitals_and_Organic_Chemistry_-_Pericyclic_Reactions/29.01%3A_Molecular_Orbitals_of_Conjugated_Pi_SystemsHOMO and LUMO are often referred to as frontier orbitals and their energy difference is termed the HOMO–LUMO gap. One common way of thinking about reactions in this way is through the concept of front...HOMO and LUMO are often referred to as frontier orbitals and their energy difference is termed the HOMO–LUMO gap. One common way of thinking about reactions in this way is through the concept of frontier orbitals. This idea says that if one species is going to donate electrons to another in order to form a new bond, then the donated electrons are most likely going to come from the highest occupied energy level.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_III_(Morsch_et_al.)/24%3A_Amines_and_Heterocycles/24.04%3A_Basicity_of_ArylaminesIn the case of para-methoxyaniline, the lone pair on the methoxy group donates electron density to the aromatic system, and a resonance contributor can be drawn in which a negative charge is placed on...In the case of para-methoxyaniline, the lone pair on the methoxy group donates electron density to the aromatic system, and a resonance contributor can be drawn in which a negative charge is placed on the carbon adjacent to the nitrogen, which makes the substituted arylamine more basic than aniline.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_III_(Morsch_et_al.)/25%3A_Carbohydrates/25.06%3A_Reactions_of_MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides contain both alcohol and carbonyl functional groups. This allows monosaccharides to undergo many of the reactions typical for these functional groups. In particular, alcohols can be co...Monosaccharides contain both alcohol and carbonyl functional groups. This allows monosaccharides to undergo many of the reactions typical for these functional groups. In particular, alcohols can be converted to esters, converted to ethers, converted to acetals, or oxidized. Carbonyls can be reacted with nucleophiles, be reduced to form alcohols, or be oxidized to form carboxylic acids.
