2.E: Matter and Energy (Exercises)
- Page ID
- 367743
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)2.1-2.3 Matter and Changes
- Match the following terms with their meaning.
Terms Definitions (a) Mass a. a measure of the total quantity of matter in an object (b) Volume b. a measure of how strongly gravity pulls on an object (c) Weight c. a measure of the space occupied by an object - Identify each as either matter or not matter.
- a book
- hate
- light
- a car
- a fried egg
3. Give an example of matter in each phase: solid, liquid, or gas.
4. Does each statement represent a physical property or a chemical property?
- Sulfur is yellow.
- Steel wool burns when ignited by a flame.
- A gallon of milk weighs over eight pounds.
5. Does each statement represent a physical property or a chemical property?
- A pile of leaves slowly rots in the backyard.
- In the presence of oxygen, hydrogen can interact to make water.
- Gold can be stretched into very thin wires.
6. Does each statement represent a physical change or a chemical change?
- Water boils and becomes steam.
- Food is converted into usable form by the digestive system.
- The alcohol in many thermometers freezes at about −40 degrees Fahrenheit.
7. Does each statement represent a physical change or a chemical change?
- Graphite, a form of elemental carbon, can be turned into diamond, another form of carbon, at very high temperatures and pressures.
- The house across the street has been painted a new color.
- The elements sodium and chlorine come together to make a new substance called sodium chloride.
8. Distinguish between an element and a compound. About how many of each are known?
9. What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
10. Identify each as a heterogeneous mixture or a homogeneous mixture.
- Salt is mixed with pepper.
- Sugar is dissolved in water.
- Pasta is cooked in boiling water.
11. Identify each as a heterogeneous mixture or a homogeneous mixture.
- air
- dirt
- a television set
Answers
-
- matter
- not matter
- not matter
- matter
- matter
8. An element is a fundamental chemical part of a substance; there are about 115 known elements. A compound is a combination of elements that acts as a different substance ; there are over 50 million known substances.
-
- homogeneous
- heterogeneous
- heterogeneous
2.4 Density
0. Give at least three possible units for density.
- What are the units when density is inverted? Give three examples.
- A sample of iron has a volume of 48.2 cm3. What is its mass?
- A sample of air has a volume of 1,015 mL. What is its mass?
- The volume of hydrogen used by the Hindenburg, the German airship that exploded in New Jersey in 1937, was 2.000 × 108 L. If hydrogen gas has a
density of 0.0899 g/L, what mass of hydrogen was used by the airship?
- The volume of an Olympic-sized swimming pool is 2.50 × 109 cm3. If the pool is filled with alcohol (d = 0.789 g/cm3), what mass of alcohol is in the pool?
- A typical engagement ring has 0.77 cm3 of gold. What mass of gold is present?
- A typical mercury thermometer has 0.039 mL of mercury in it. What mass of mercury is in the thermometer?
- What is the volume of 100.0 g of lead if lead has a density of 11.34 g/cm3?
- What is the volume of 255.0 g of uranium if uranium has a density of 19.05 g/cm3?
- What is the volume in liters of 222 g of neon if neon has a density of 0.900 g/L?
- What is the volume in liters of 20.5 g of sulfur hexafluoride if sulfur hexafluoride has a density of 6.164 g/L?
- Which has the greater volume, 100.0 g of iron (d = 7.87 g/cm3) or 75.0 g of gold (d = 19.3 g/cm3)?
- Which has the greater volume, 100.0 g of hydrogen gas (d = 0.0000899 g/cm3) or 25.0 g of argon gas (d = 0.00178 g/cm3)?
Answers:
0. g/mL, g/L, and kg/L (answers will vary)
- 379 g
- 1.80 × 107 g
- 15 g
- 8.818 cm3
- 247 L
- The 100.0 g of iron has the greater volume
2.5 Temperature
1. Perform the following conversions.
255°F to degrees Celsius
−255°F to degrees Celsius
50.0°C to degrees Fahrenheit
−50.0°C to degrees Fahrenheit
2. Perform the following conversions.
1,065°C to degrees Fahrenheit
−222°C to degrees Fahrenheit
400.0°F to degrees Celsius
200.0°F to degrees Celsius
3. Perform the following conversions.
100.0°C to kelvins
−100.0°C to kelvins
100 K to degrees Celsius
300 K to degrees Celsius
4. Perform the following conversions.
1,000.0 K to degreesCelsius
50.0 K to degrees Celsius
37.0°C to kelvins
−37.0°C to kelvins
Convert 0 K to degreesCelsius. What is the significance of the temperature in
degrees Celsius?
Convert 0 K to degreesFahrenheit. What is the significance of the temperature in degreesFahrenheit?
5. The hottest temperature ever recorded on the surface of the earth was 136°F in Libya in 1922. What is the temperature in degrees Celsius and in kelvins?
6. The coldest temperature ever recorded on the surface of the earth was −128.6°F in Vostok, Antarctica, in 1983. What is the temperature in
degrees Celsius and in kelvins?
Answers
- 124°C
- −159°C
- 122°F
- −58°F
-
- 373 K
- 173 K
- −173°C
- 27°C
- −273°C. This is the lowest possible temperature in
degrees
Celsius. - 57.8°C; 331 K
2.6 Energy and Heat Capacities.
Note: you will need to consult a table of heat capacities, such as the one included here, in order to solve many of these problems.
0. A pot of water is set on a hot burner of a stove. What is the direction of heat flow?
-
Some uncooked macaroni is added to a pot of boiling water. What is the direction of heat flow?
-
How much energy in calories is required to heat 150 g of H2O from 0°C to 100°C?
-
How much energy in calories is required to heat 125 g of Fe from 25°C to 150°C?
-
If 250 cal of heat were added to 43.8 g of Al at 22.5°C, what is the final temperature of the aluminum?
-
If 195 cal of heat were added to 33.2 g of Hg at 56.2°C, what is the final temperature of the mercury?
-
A sample of copper absorbs 145 cal of energy, and its temperature rises from 37.8°C to 41.7°C. What is the mass of the copper?
-
A large, single crystal of sodium chloride absorbs 98.0 cal of heat. If its temperature rises from 22.0°C to 29.7°C, what is the mass of the NaCl crystal?
-
If 1.00 g of each substance in this Table were to absorb 100 cal of heat, which substance would experience the largest temperature change?
-
If 1.00 g of each substance in this Table were to absorb 100 cal of heat, which substance would experience the smallest temperature change?
-
Determine the heat capacity of a substance if 23.6 g of the substance gives off 199 cal of heat when its temperature changes from 37.9°C to 20.9°C.
-
What is the heat capacity of gold if a 250 g sample needs 133 cal of energy to increase its temperature from 23.0°C to 40.1°C?