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15.8: A Special Transformation of Conjugated Dienes: Diels-Alder Cycloaddition

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    201257
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    Objectives

    After completing this section, you should be able to

    1. write an equation to represent a typical Diels-Alder reaction.
    2. draw the structure of the product formed when a given conjugated diene reacts with a given dienophile in a Diels-Alder reaction.
    3. identify the diene and dienophile that must be used to prepare a given compound by a Diels-Alder reaction.
    4. explain the general mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction, without necessarily being able to describe it in detail.
    Key Terms

    Make certain that you can define, and use in context, the key terms below.

    • Diels-Alder cycloaddition
    • pericyclic reaction
    Study Notes

    The Diels-Alder reaction is an example of an organic chemical reaction which does not proceed by either a polar or a free radical pathway, but rather a pericyclic reaction.

    Although we do not expect you to be able to provide a detailed account of the mechanism of this reaction, you should learn enough about the Diels-Alder reaction to fulfillthe objectives stated above. You will find it useful to contrast the mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction with the polar and radical mechanisms studied earlier.

    The unique character of conjugated dienes manifests itself dramatically in the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reaction. The Diels-Alder reaction is an important and widely used synthetic method for making six-membered rings. In the Diels-Alder reaction, a conjugated diene, simply referred to as the diene, reacts with a double or triple bond co-reactant called the dienophile, because it combines with (has an affinity for) the diene. During the reaction, two pi-bonds are converted to two sigma-bonds. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition is classified as a pericyclic process. Pericyclic reactions involve the redistribution of bonding electrons in a single step mechanism and will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 30. In particular, the Diels-alder reaction is called a [4+2] process because the diene has four pi-electrons that shift position in the reaction and the dienophile has two.

    General Reaction

    General Reaction.png

    An example of the Diels-Alder reaction is the cycloaddition of 1,3-butadiene to cyanoethene (acrylonitrile) to form 4-cyanocyclohexene.

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Example 1.svg

    Mechanism

    All of the electron rearrangements of the Diels-Alder reaction take place once in a single mechanistic step. During this step carbons 1 and 4 of the diene and both alkene carbons of the dienophile, rehybridize from sp2 to sp3 and electrons rearrange to create two new sigma bonds in the cyclic product. Carbons 2 and 3 of the diene remain sp2 hybridized and form a new pi bond in the product.

    Mechanism 1.svg

    The mechanism occurs through a cyclic transition state in which there is head-on overlap of two p orbitals on carbons 1 and 4 of the diene with the two p orbitals from the alkene of the dienophile to form two new sigma bonds in the cyclohexene product. The remaining two p orbitals from the diene overlap to form the new pi bond.

    Transitiion State.png

    Problems

    Practice_Problems.bmp

    Answers

    Practice_Problems_Answers_(3).png

    Objectives

    After completing this section, you should be able to

    1. determine whether or not a given compound would behave as a reactive dienophile in a Diels-Alder reaction.
    2. predict the stereochemistry of the product obtained from the reaction of a given diene with a given dienophile.
    3. recognize that in order to undergo a Diels-Alder reaction, a diene must be able to assume ans-cis geometry, and determine whether or not a given diene can assume this geometry.
    Key Terms

    Make certain that you can define, and use in context, the key terms below.

    • dienophile
    • dimerization
    Study Notes

    Make sure that you understand that the s-cis and s-trans forms of a diene such as 1,3-butadiene are conformers, not isomers. Note that some textbooks can confuse the issue further by referring to a compound such as (2Z, 4Z)-hexadiene as cis, cis-2,4-hexadiene, and saying that the most stable form of this compound is its s-trans conformer!

    In fulfilling Objective 2, above, you must recognize that the Diels-Alder reaction is stereospecific.

    Finally, note reaction B in the reading shows 1,3-cyclopentadiene reacting with another molecule of 1,3-cyclopentadiene. When the same compound acts as both diene and dienophile in a Diels-Alder reaction to couple it is a dimerization.

    The Dienophile

    In general, Diels-Alder reactions proceed fastest with electron-withdrawing groups on the dienophile (diene lover). Ethylene reacts slowly while propenal, ethyl propenoate, and other molecules shown below are highly reactive in a Diels-Alder reaction.

    Dienophiles.png

    In much the same manner as electron-withdrawing substituents on a benzene ring, these are typically a double or triple bond in conjugation with the double bond in the dienophile. A resonance form can be drawn which places a positive charge in the dienophile double bond. This results in the double bond being less electron rich (greater electron density shown in Red/Orange) than ethylene. Electrostatic potential maps show that the electron-withdrawing groups pull electron density away from the double bond.

    Potential Map.png

    Stereochemistry of Diels-Alder (dienophile)

    The Diels-Alder reaction is enormously useful for synthetic organic chemists, not only because ring-forming reactions are useful in general but also because in many cases multiple new stereocenters are formed, and the reaction is inherently stereospecific. During a Diels-Alder reaction the stereochemistry of the dienophile is retained in the product. A cis dienophile will generate a cyclohexene ring with cis (syn) substitution on the two carbons from the dienophile. Likewise a trans dienophile will generate a cyclohexene ring with trans (anti) substitution on these two carbon.

    The first reaction has a cis dienophile producing a ring with cis substitution. The second reaction has a trans dienophile producing a ring with trans substitution.

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Example 1.png

    The retention of stereochemistry is due to the planar nature of both reactants and that the forming process is suprafacial (i.e. to or from the same face of each plane). This stereospecificity also confirms the concerted nature of the Diels-Alder mechanism. The drawing below illustrates this fact for the reaction of 1,3-butadiene with (E)-dicyanoethene. The trans relationship of the cyano groups in the dienophile is preserved in the six-membered ring of the adduct.

    there is a diene plane and a dienophile plane.

    Another facet of the stereochemical retention of the dienophile is that only the endo product, rather than the alternative exo product, is formed. The words endo and exo are used to indicate relative stereochemistry when referring to bicyclic structures like substituted norbornanes. The endo position on a bicyclic structure refers to the position that is inside the concave shape of the larger (six-membered) ring. As you might predict, the exo position refers to the outside position. Diels-Alder reactions with cyclic dienes favor the formation of bicyclic structures in which substituents are in the endo position. Preference of the endo position is also a facet of the suprafacial nature of the Diels-Alder reaction. The orbital overlap required for the reaction is greater when the dienophile lies directly underneath the diene.

    Endo is inside the concave side of the six membered ring.

    Alkynes can also serve as dienophiles in Diels-Alder reactions:

    Reaction between cyclopentadiene and a generic alkyne.

    The Diene

    In general, Diels-Alder reactions proceed fastest with electron-donating groups on the diene (eg. alkyl groups). The Diels-Alder reaction is a single step process, so the diene component must adopt an s-cis conformation in order for the end carbon atoms (#1 & #4) to bond simultaneously to the dienophile. For many acyclic dienes the s-trans conformer is more stable than the s-cis conformer (due to steric crowding of the end groups), but the two are generally in rapid equilibrium, permitting the use of all but the most hindered dienes as reactants in Diels-Alder reactions.

    To get from the s-trans to the s-cis configuration there is a rotation about 2-3 bond.

    For some dienes, extreme steric hindrance causes the s-cis conformation to be highly strained, and for this reason such dienes do not readily undergo Diels-Alder reactions.

    Cannot adopt s-cis conformation, no diels-alder possible.

    Cyclic dienes, on the other hand, are ‘locked’ in the s-cis conformation, and are especially reactive. The result of a Diels-Alder reaction involving a cyclic diene is a bicyclic structure:

    Drawing of the bicyclic structure.

    Stereochemistry of Diels-Alder (diene)

    The 1 and 4 Carbons in the diene have the possibility of forming two new stereocenters in the cyclohexene product. Similarly to the effects of dienophile stereochemistry, the positioning of substituents on the 1 and 4 carbons in the diene determine the stereochemistry in the product. The diene substituents can be thought of as being either cis (both facing in or both facing out) or trans and the stereochemistry is retained to form a cis or trans cyclohexene product.

    Example 2.png

    Examples \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    clipboard_e948a0f0b0c0bccfe35c3291ada47cd15.png

    clipboard_e95ed2b72954f4d7fe44124ddc8f7261c.png

    clipboard_e9b9bff36b95abe8241ad35ede1613ba6.png

    clipboard_e89eb4f8aafe85d71a6b2358166f933ba.png

    clipboard_e22f90e1dc0b81ab415515a461f5bac5b.png

    clipboard_eca50c5a5f44b7c3a3c2cc984a9861726.png

    The Essential Characteristics of the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Reaction:

    1. The reaction always creates a new six-membered ring.
    2. The diene component must be able to assume an s-cis conformation.
    3. Electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile facilitate reaction.
    4. Electron donating groups on the diene facilitate reaction.
    5. Steric hindrance at the bonding sites may inhibit or prevent reaction.
    6. The reaction is stereospecific with respect to substituent configuration in both the dienophile and the diene.
    Examples \(\PageIndex{2}\)

    image249.pnglink

    image251.pnglink

    image253.pnglink

    Predicting the Product of a Diels-Alder Reaction

    Start by rotating the diene until it is in the s-cis conformation then point it towards the double bond of the dienophile. Remove the double bonds present in the diene and dieneophile. Connect carbons 1 and 4 of the the diene to a carbon in the dienophile double bond using a sigma bond to create a six-membered ring. Create a double bond between carbons 2 and 3 of diene.

    Predicting product.png

    Determine if any substituents attached to either the double bond of the dieneophile or carbons 1 and 4 of the diene have a cis/trans conformation. If so make sure the substituents have the same configuration in the cycloalkene product.

    Predicting product 2.png

    Predict the product of the following reaction:

    Predicting product 3.png

    The diene is locked into an s-cis configuration which will promote the reaction. The ring portion of the diene will act as electron donating groups which will also promote the reaction. Because the diene already contained a ring the product will be bicyclic. The dienophile has two nitriles attached to it both of which are electron withdrawing. Since the two nitriles in the dieneophile are cis to each other the the two nitriles will be cis to each other in the product.

    Predicting product 4.png

    Predict the product of the following reaction:

    clipboard_e788eaabf2bfaef94ea925516fcc424a4.png

    A particularly rapid Diels-Alder reaction takes place between cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride. Cyclopentadiene is held in the required s-cis configuration so it will make a good diene for a Diels-Alder reaction. Maleic anhydride is also a very good dienophile, because the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl groups causes the two alkene carbons to be electron-poor, and thus a good target for attack by the pi electrons in the diene. Since it is part of a ring, the double bond of maleic anhydride is in a cis configuration so the cyclohexene ring will also have a cis configuration. Lastly, the product will prefer the endo position.

    clipboard_e08b6aeaffc21f15afd23dcb5f5a94b03.png

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    7) Of the following dienes, which are S-trans and which are s-cis? Of those that are s-trans, are they able to rotate to become s-cis?

    14.5.png

    8) Predict the product of the following reaction.

    14-5-2qu.png

    Answer

    7)

    A) s-trans, unable to rotate to become s-cis

    B) s-cis

    C) s-trans, can rotate to become s-cis.

    8)

    14.5(2).png


    15.8: A Special Transformation of Conjugated Dienes: Diels-Alder Cycloaddition is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.