10: Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics
- Page ID
- 432966
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- 10.1: Energy Basics
- Energy is the capacity to do work (applying a force to move matter). Heat is energy that is transferred between objects at different temperatures; it flows from a high to a low temperature. Chemical and physical processes can absorb heat (endothermic) or release heat (exothermic). The SI unit of energy, heat, and work is the joule (J). Specific heat and heat capacity are measures of the energy needed to change the temperature of a substance or object.
- 10.2: Calorimetry
- Calorimetry is used to measure the amount of thermal energy transferred in a chemical or physical process. This requires careful measurement of the temperature change that occurs during the process and the masses of the system and surroundings. These measured quantities are then used to compute the amount of heat produced or consumed in the process using known mathematical relations. Calorimeters are designed to minimize energy exchange between the system and its surroundings.
- 10.3: Enthalpy
- If a chemical change is carried out at constant pressure and the only work done is caused by expansion or contraction, q for the change is called the enthalpy change with the symbol ΔH. Examples of enthalpy changes include enthalpy of combustion, enthalpy of fusion, enthalpy of vaporization, and standard enthalpy of formation. If the enthalpies of formation are available for the reactants and products of a reaction, the enthalpy change can be calculated using Hess’s law.
- 10.5: Free Energy
- Gibbs free energy (G) is a state function defined with regard to system quantities only and may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process. A negative value for ΔG indicates that the reaction will proceed in the forward direction to reach equilibrium; a positive ΔG indicates that the reaction will proceed in the reverse direction to reach equilibrium; and a ΔG of zero indicates that the system is at equilibrium. A number of approaches to the computation of free energy changes are possible.
- 10.6: Exercises
- These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax.
- 10.7: Exercises
- These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax.