11.6: Esters - Structures and Names

Learning Objectives

• Identify the general structure for an ester.
• Use common names to name esters.
• Name esters according to the IUPAC system.

Esters have the general formula, , where R may be a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group, and R′ may be an alkyl group or an aryl group but not a hydrogen atom. (If it were hydrogen atom, the compound would be a carboxylic acid.) Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows models for two common esters.

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The Structure of Esters. Esters feature a carbon-to-oxygen double bond that is also singly bonded to a second oxygen atom, which is then joined to an alkyl or an aryl group. The esters shown here are ethyl acetate (a) and methyl butyrate (b).

Esters occur widely in nature. Unlike carboxylic acids, esters generally have pleasant odors and are often responsible for the characteristic fragrances of fruits and flowers. Once a flower or fruit has been chemically analyzed, flavor chemists can attempt to duplicate the natural odor or taste. Both natural and synthetic esters are used in perfumes and as flavoring agents.

Fats and vegetable oils are esters of long-chain fatty acids and glycerol. Esters of phosphoric acid are of the utmost importance to life.

Names of Esters

Although esters are covalent compounds and salts are ionic, esters are named in a manner similar to that used for naming salts. The group name of the alkyl or aryl portion is given first and is followed by the name of the acid portion. In both common and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature, the -ic ending of the parent acid is replaced by the suffix -ate (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)).

Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Nomenclature of Esters

Condensed Structural Formula	Common Name	IUPAC Name
	methyl formate	methyl methanoate
	methyl acetate	methyl ethanoate
	ethyl acetate	ethyl ethanoate
	ethyl propionate	ethyl propanoate
	isopropyl butyrate	isopropyl butanoate
	ethyl benzoate	ethyl benzoate

Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Give the common and IUPAC names for each compound.

1. 
2. 

Solution

1. The alkyl group attached directly to the oxygen atom is a butyl group (in green).
   

   
   
   
   
   
   The part of the molecule derived from the carboxylic acid (in red) has three carbon atoms. It is called propionate (common) or propanoate (IUPAC). The ester is therefore butyl propionate or butyl propanoate.

2. An alkyl group (in green) is attached directly to the oxygen atom by its middle carbon atom; it is an isopropyl group. The part derived from the acid (that is, the benzene ring and the carbonyl group, in red) is benzoate. The ester is therefore isopropyl benzoate (both the common name and the IUPAC name).
   

Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Give the IUPAC names for each compound.

1. 
2. 

Example \(\PageIndex{2}\)

Draw the structure for ethyl pentanoate.

Solution

Start with the portion from the acid. Draw the pentanoate (five carbon atoms) group first; keeping in mind that the last carbon atom is a part of the carboxyl group.

Then attach the ethyl group to the bond that ordinarily holds the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)

Draw the structure for phenyl pentanoate.

Concept Review Exercises

1. From what carboxylic acid and what alcohol can isopropyl hexanoate be made?
2. From what carboxylic acid and what alcohol can cyclobutyl butanoate be made?

Answers

1. hexanoic acid and 2-propanol
2. butanoic acid and cyclobutanol

Key Takeaway

• An ester has an OR group attached to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group.

Exercises

1. Draw the structure for each compound.

   1. methyl ethanoate
   2. ethyl pentanoate
   3. phenyl ethanoate
   4. isopropyl propanoate

2. Draw the structure for each compound.

   1. ethyl hexanoate
   2. ethyl benzoate
   3. phenyl benzoate
   4. ethyl 3-methylhexanoate

3. Name each compound with the IUPAC name.

   1. 
   2. 

4. Name each compound with the IUPAC name.

   1. 
   2. 

Answers

1. 1. 
   2. 
   3. 
   4. 

3. 1. methyl methanoate
   2. ethyl propanoate