7: Solids, Liquids, and Phase Changes
- Page ID
- 409017
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In previous chapters we discussed the properties of gases. In this chapter, we consider some properties of liquids and solids. As a review, the table below lists some general properties of the three phases of matter.
| Phase | Shape | Density | Compressibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gas | fills entire container | low | high |
| Liquid | fills a container from bottom to top | high | low |
| Solid | rigid | high | low |
- 7.1: Properties of Liquids and Solids
- All liquids evaporate. If volume is limited, evaporation eventually reaches a dynamic equilibrium, and a constant vapor pressure is maintained. All liquids experience surface tension, an imbalance of forces at the surface of the liquid. All liquids experience capillary action, demonstrating either capillary rise or capillary depression in the presence of other substances. Solids can be divided into amorphous solids and crystalline solids.
- 7.2: Intermolecular Forces in Action- Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Capillary Action
- Surface tension, capillary action, and viscosity are unique properties of liquids that depend on the nature of intermolecular interactions. Surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid. Surfactants are molecules that reduce the surface tension of polar liquids like water. Capillary action is the phenomenon in which liquids rise up into a narrow tube called a capillary. The viscosity of a liquid is its resistance to flow.
- 7.3: Types of Crystalline Solids
- Crystalline substances can be described by the types of particles found within, and the types of chemical bonding that take place between the particles. There are four types of crystals: (1) ionic, (2) metallic, (3) covalent network, and (4) molecular.
- 7.4: Temperature, Heat, and Energy
- Terms such as energy, heat, and temperature are sometimes used somewhat interchangeably although they mean very different things. In this section, we will define these terms based on how they are used in science. We will also introduce some units and conversions for each of them.
- 7.5: Heat Capacity
- In the previous section, we introduced the ideas of temperature, heat, and energy. We will build on those ideas in this section by looking at how we can measure properties of a substance to determine how much he is gained or lost from that substance when the temperature changes.
- 7.6: Phase Transitions
- Phase changes can occur between any two phases of matter. All phase changes occur with a simultaneous change in energy. All phase changes are isothermal.
- 7.E: Solids, Liquids, and Phase Changes (Exercises)
- The following questions are related to the material covered in this chapter, however they may not be presented in the same order that they were in your chapter.