2.2: 2. SOL- Solutions
- Page ID
- 436097
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Summary:
- To develop chemical literacy regarding the properties of solutions, with an emphasis on
- the miscibility of liquids and the solubility of gases and solids in liquids,
- the vapor pressure of solutions,
- colligative properties, and
- how these properties reflect the underlying intermolecular forces and thermodynamics.
- To develop chemical literacy regarding chemical equilibrium as it applies to:
- solubility of ionic compounds and
- the formation of complex ions.
SOL: Solutions
- Describe the important factors in the energetics of solution formation, both in terms of intermolecular interactions and thermodynamic variables
- Describe and apply the "like dissolves like" rule to solubility and miscibility
- Determine the concentration of a solution in different common units, including molarity, molality, mole fraction, and mass percent, and be able to convert between these units
- Explain the terms dilute, saturated, and supersaturated solutions, and describe how the concentration in each case relates to the solubility
- Describe the effects of temperature (T) and pressure (P) on the solubility of solids in liquids
- Describe the effects of T and P on the solubility of gases in liquids
- Use Henry’s law to relate the partial pressure of a gas to the amount of gas dissolved in solution
- Explain why the vapor pressure decreases when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a volatile solvent
- Describe the vapor pressures of solution composed of two miscible, volatile liquids for the cases of ideal and non-ideal solutions
- Relate positive and negative deviations from ideal behavior in a general way to intermolecular forces and the enthalpy of mixing, and for specific pairs of liquids predict which behavior would be observed based on their molecular structure and intermolecular interactions
- Describe the origin of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression in terms of the vapor pressure lowering and the resulting shift in the phase diagram
- Calculate the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression for specific solutions, and be able to use them to determine the concentration and/or molecular mass of a solute
- Describe the phenomenon of osmotic pressure and its thermodynamic origin
- Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution, and be able to use osmotic pressure to determine the concentration and/or molecular mass of a solute
- Describe why the values of colligative properties for electrolyte solutions differ from those for non-electrolyte solutions
- Use the van’t Hoff factor to predict the values of colligative properties for electrolyte solutions, and explain differences between the predicted and observed values in terms of ion pairing