18.14: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 452885
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| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  |
The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acid anhydride | compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution | ||||
| alkaline earth metal | any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides | ||||
| allotropes | two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures | ||||
| amorphous | solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal | ||||
| base anhydride | metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids | ||||
| bicarbonate anion | salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion, | ||||
| bismuth | heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals | ||||
| borate | compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure | ||||
| carbonate | salt of the anion often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases | ||||
| chemical reduction | method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent | ||||
| chlor-alkali process | electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide | ||||
| disproportionation reaction | chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent | ||||
| Downs cell | electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride | ||||
| Frasch process | important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits | ||||
| Haber process | main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures | ||||
| halide | compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F−; chloride, Cl−; bromide, Br−; and iodide, I−) | ||||
| Hall–Héroult cell | electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite | ||||
| hydrogen carbonate | salt of carbonic acid, H2CO3 (containing the anion in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as bicarbonate ion | ||||
| hydrogen halide | binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI | ||||
| hydrogen sulfate | ion | ||||
| hydrogen sulfite | ion | ||||
| hydrogenation | addition of hydrogen (H2) to reduce a compound | ||||
| hydroxide | compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH− or the group −OH | ||||
| interhalogen | compound formed from two or more different halogens | ||||
| metal (representative) | atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer s or p orbitals | ||||
| metalloid | element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors | ||||
| nitrate | ion; salt of nitric acid | ||||
| nitrogen fixation | formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen | ||||
| Ostwald process | industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid | ||||
| oxide | binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O2− ions or the group –O– or =O | ||||
| ozone | allotrope of oxygen; O3 | ||||
| passivation | metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity | ||||
| peroxide | molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion, | ||||
| photosynthesis | process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy | ||||
| Pidgeon process | chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon | ||||
| polymorph | variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound | ||||
| representative element | element where the s and p orbitals are filling | ||||
| representative metal | metal among the representative elements | ||||
| silicate | compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three-dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds | ||||
| sulfate | ion | ||||
| sulfite | ion | ||||
| superoxide | oxide containing the anion |