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18.14: Key Terms

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    452885
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    acid anhydride
    compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution
    alkaline earth metal
    any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides
    allotropes
    two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures
    amorphous
    solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal
    base anhydride
    metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids
    bicarbonate anion
    salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion,
    bismuth
    heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals
    borate
    compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure
    carbonate
    salt of the anion often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases
    chemical reduction
    method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent
    chlor-alkali process
    electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide
    disproportionation reaction
    chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent
    Downs cell
    electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride
    Frasch process
    important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits
    Haber process
    main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures
    halide
    compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F; chloride, Cl; bromide, Br; and iodide, I)
    Hall–Héroult cell
    electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite
    hydrogen carbonate
    salt of carbonic acid, H2CO3 (containing the anion in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as bicarbonate ion
    hydrogen halide
    binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
    hydrogen sulfate
    ion
    hydrogen sulfite
    ion
    hydrogenation
    addition of hydrogen (H2) to reduce a compound
    hydroxide
    compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH or the group −OH
    interhalogen
    compound formed from two or more different halogens
    metal (representative)
    atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer s or p orbitals
    metalloid
    element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors
    nitrate
    ion; salt of nitric acid
    nitrogen fixation
    formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen
    Ostwald process
    industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid
    oxide
    binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O2− ions or the group –O– or =O
    ozone
    allotrope of oxygen; O3
    passivation
    metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity
    peroxide
    molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion,
    photosynthesis
    process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy
    Pidgeon process
    chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon
    polymorph
    variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound
    representative element
    element where the s and p orbitals are filling
    representative metal
    metal among the representative elements
    silicate
    compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three-dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds
    sulfate
    ion
    sulfite
    ion
    superoxide
    oxide containing the anion

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    18.14: Key Terms is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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