alloy | solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements | | | | |
amphiphilic | molecules possessing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) parts | | | | |
boiling point elevation | elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute | | | | |
boiling point elevation constant | the proportionality constant in the equation relating boiling point elevation to solute molality; also known as the ebullioscopic constant | | | | |
colligative property | property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species | | | | |
colloid | (also, colloidal dispersion) mixture in which relatively large solid or liquid particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a gas, liquid, or solid | | | | |
crenation | process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis | | | | |
dispersed phase | substance present as relatively large solid or liquid particles in a colloid | | | | |
dispersion medium | solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed | | | | |
dissociation | physical process accompanying the dissolution of an ionic compound in which the compound’s constituent ions are solvated and dispersed throughout the solution | | | | |
electrolyte | substance that produces ions when dissolved in water | | | | |
emulsifying agent | amphiphilic substance used to stabilize the particles of some emulsions | | | | |
emulsion | colloid formed from immiscible liquids | | | | |
freezing point depression | lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute | | | | |
freezing point depression constant | (also, cryoscopic constant) proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality | | | | |
gel | colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid | | | | |
hemolysis | rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis | | | | |
Henry’s law | the proportional relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas in a solution and the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution | | | | |
hypertonic | of greater osmotic pressure | | | | |
hypotonic | of less osmotic pressure | | | | |
ideal solution | solution that forms with no accompanying energy change | | | | |
immiscible | of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances | | | | |
ion pair | solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction | | | | |
ion-dipole attraction | electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule | | | | |
isotonic | of equal osmotic pressure | | | | |
miscible | mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances | | | | |
molality (m) | a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms | | | | |
nonelectrolyte | substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water | | | | |
osmosis | diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane | | | | |
osmotic pressure (Π) | opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane | | | | |
partially miscible | of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances | | | | |
Raoult’s law | the relationship between a solution’s vapor pressure and the vapor pressures and concentrations of its components | | | | |
saturated | of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure | | | | |
semipermeable membrane | a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules | | | | |
solubility | extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent | | | | |
solvation | exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established | | | | |
spontaneous process | physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source | | | | |
strong electrolyte | substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water | | | | |
supersaturated | of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state | | | | |
suspension | heterogeneous mixture in which relatively large component particles are temporarily dispersed but settle out over time | | | | |
Tyndall effect | scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion | | | | |
unsaturated | of concentration less than solubility | | | | |
van’t Hoff factor (i) | the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution | | | | |
weak electrolyte | substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water | | | | |