actinide | inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table | | | | |
alkali metal | element in group 1 | | | | |
alkaline earth metal | element in group 2 | | | | |
alpha particle (α particle) | positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons | | | | |
anion | negatively charged atom or molecule (contains more electrons than protons) | | | | |
atomic mass | average mass of atoms of an element, expressed in amu | | | | |
atomic mass unit (amu) | (also, unified atomic mass unit, u, or Dalton, Da) unit of mass equal to of the mass of a 12C atom | | | | |
atomic number (Z) | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | | | | |
binary acid | compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water) | | | | |
binary compound | compound containing two different elements. | | | | |
cation | positively charged atom or molecule (contains fewer electrons than protons) | | | | |
chalcogen | element in group 16 | | | | |
chemical symbol | one-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation used to represent an element or its atoms | | | | |
covalent bond | attractive force between the nuclei of a molecule’s atoms and pairs of electrons between the atoms | | | | |
covalent compound | (also, molecular compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements | | | | |
Dalton (Da) | alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit | | | | |
Dalton’s atomic theory | set of postulates that established the fundamental properties of atoms | | | | |
electron | negatively charged, subatomic particle of relatively low mass located outside the nucleus | | | | |
empirical formula | formula showing the composition of a compound given as the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms | | | | |
fundamental unit of charge | (also called the elementary charge) equals the magnitude of the charge of an electron (e) with e = 1.602 10−19 C | | | | |
group | vertical column of the periodic table | | | | |
halogen | element in group 17 | | | | |
hydrate | compound containing one or more water molecules bound within its crystals | | | | |
inert gas | (also, noble gas) element in group 18 | | | | |
inner transition metal | (also, lanthanide or actinide) element in the bottom two rows; if in the first row, also called lanthanide, or if in the second row, also called actinide | | | | |
ion | electrically charged atom or molecule (contains unequal numbers of protons and electrons) | | | | |
ionic bond | electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions of an ionic compound | | | | |
ionic compound | compound composed of cations and anions combined in ratios, yielding an electrically neutral substance | | | | |
isomers | compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures | | | | |
isotopes | atoms that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons | | | | |
lanthanide | inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table | | | | |
law of constant composition | (also, law of definite proportions) all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass | | | | |
law of definite proportions | (also, law of constant composition) all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass | | | | |
law of multiple proportions | when two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers | | | | |
main-group element | (also, representative element) element in groups 1, 2, and 13–18 | | | | |
mass number (A) | sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom | | | | |
metal | element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity | | | | |
metalloid | element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals | | | | |
molecular compound | (also, covalent compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements | | | | |
molecular formula | formula indicating the composition of a molecule of a compound and giving the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound. | | | | |
monatomic ion | ion composed of a single atom | | | | |
neutron | uncharged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus | | | | |
noble gas | (also, inert gas) element in group 18 | | | | |
nomenclature | system of rules for naming objects of interest | | | | |
nonmetal | element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity | | | | |
nucleus | massive, positively charged center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons | | | | |
oxyacid | compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water) | | | | |
oxyanion | polyatomic anion composed of a central atom bonded to oxygen atoms | | | | |
period | (also, series) horizontal row of the periodic table | | | | |
periodic law | properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers. | | | | |
periodic table | table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together | | | | |
pnictogen | element in group 15 | | | | |
polyatomic ion | ion composed of more than one atom | | | | |
proton | positively charged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus | | | | |
representative element | (also, main-group element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12–18 | | | | |
series | (also, period) horizontal row of the period table | | | | |
spatial isomers | compounds in which the relative orientations of the atoms in space differ | | | | |
structural formula | shows the atoms in a molecule and how they are connected | | | | |
structural isomer | one of two substances that have the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties because their atoms are bonded differently | | | | |
transition metal | element in groups 3–12 (more strictly defined, 3–11; see chapter on transition metals and coordination chemistry) | | | | |
unified atomic mass unit (u) | alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit | | | | |