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9.14: Molecular Term Symbols Describe Electronic States of Molecules

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    204585
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    Molecular term symbols specify molecular electronic energy levels. Term symbols for diatomic molecules are based on irreducible representations in linear symmetry groups, derived from spectroscopic notations. They usually consist of four parts: spin multiplicity, azimuthal angular momentum, total angular momentum and symmetry. All molecular term symbols discussed here are based on Russel-Saunders coupling.

    Introduction

    Molecular term symbols mark different electronic energy levels of a diatomic molecule. These symbols are similar to atomic term symbols, since both follow the Russell-Saunders coupling scheme. Molecular term symbols employ symmetry labels from group theory. The possibility of an electronic transition can be deducted from molecular term symbols following selection rules. For multi-atomic molecules, symmetry labels play most of term symbols' roles.

    For homonuclear diatomics, the term symbol has the following form:

    \[ ^{2S+1}\Lambda_{\Omega,(g/u)}^{(+/-)} \]

    whereas Λ is the projection of the orbital angular momentum along the internuclear axis: Ω is the projection of the total angular momentum along the internuclear axis; g/u is the parity; and +/− is the reflection symmetry along an arbitrary plane containing the internuclear axis. Λ may be one of the greek letters in the sequence: Σ Π Δ Φ... when Λ = 0, 1, 2, 3..., respectively. For heteronuclear diatomics, the term symbol does not include the g/u part, for there is not inversion center in the molecule.

    Determining term symbols of diatomics

    Let's start with CO again. As we have seen before, the molecule has a close-shell configuration. Its ground state is a totally symmetric singlet, 1Σ+, since the only possible values of (S, Λ) are (0, 0). If one of the HOMO electrons on the 5σ+ orbital has jumped to the LUMO, this molecule will be in an excited state as follows.

    mo4.PNG

    Suppose a CO molecule is in the excited state shown above. In order to know the term symbol of this state, a direct product of the labels is required for the two MO's with unpaired electrons. The multiplication is such as \(\Pi \times \Sigma^+ = \Pi\). According to Pauli's exclusion rule, these two unpaired electrons can never share the same set of quantum numbers, therefore the spin degeneracy S can reach its maximum 3. The resulting term symbols are 1Π and 3Π.

    Now if we look at O2, it does not have a close-shell configuration at its ground state. There are two unpaired electrons each occupying one of the two degenerate 2π orbitals, which can be seen in the diagram below.

    mo6.PNG

    The term symbol for oxygen molecule at its ground state is therefore derived such as Π x Π = Σ+ + Σ- + [Δ], as the symbol in brackets does not allow the oxygen atoms to commute.

    Transition between electronic states of diatomics

    We'll focus on selection rules. Like atomic electronic states, different selection rules apply when differently incurred transitions occur. Usually for electric dipole field induced transitions, the selection rules are the same as for atoms.

    1. ΔΛ = 0, ±1 except Λ = 0 ‡ Λ' = 0
    2. ΔS = 0
    3. ΔΩ = 0; ±1 except Ω = 0 ‡ Ω' = 0

    References

    1. Harris, Daniel C. (republished in 1989). Symmetry and Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Vibrational and Electronic Spectroscopy. Dover Publications. pp. 421-478. ISBN 0-486-66144-X
    2. D. J. Willock (2009). Molecular Symmetry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-470-85348-4

    https://www1.udel.edu/pchem/C444/spL...s/05152008.pdf

    Excitations between molecular electronic states provide information about properties of molecules. Molecular electronic transitions are induced by UV/VIS radiation, and so these transitions involve much more energy compared to the vibrational-rotational spectroscopies that require microwave and infrared frequencies. However, much as in the case of IR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy of molecules includes a ”fine structure” arising from vibrational-rotational transitions associated with changes in electronic states.

    Before discussing electronic spectroscopy, we will investigate the description of molecular electronic states in terms of molecular term symbols as in the case of atomic electronic transitions. This should highlight the fact that multiple states are possible given a particular molecular electronic configuration based on the angular momentum and spin.

    Molecular Term Symbols: Diatomic Molecules

    As with atoms, ML and MS are the ”good” quantum numbers (L and S commute with Hamiltonian for diatomic molecules • Only unfilled subshells contribute to the term orbital and spin angular momentum • For first and second row diatomics, MO’s are either of σ or π type. 1 • ML and MS are generated as follow: – ML = P i mli – MS = P i msi • For MO’s with σ symmetry, ml = 0 • For MO’s with π symmetry, ml = ±1 – Note that there is no ml = 0 for π MO’s since the Pz atomic orbital is associated with the σ MO • As in the atomic case, −L ≤ ML ≤ L and −S ≤ MS ≤ S. • We need to determine the maximum values of ML and MS and generate term symbols • The values of ML corresponding to the various total angular momentum values possible are labelled with Λ. • The possible values of Λ can be 0, 1, 2, 3, ... – As with the atomic case, each numerical value of Λ corresponds to a letter, in the molecular case being Greek letters. • The term symbols are of the form: 2S+1Λ


    9.14: Molecular Term Symbols Describe Electronic States of Molecules is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.