Determining the Equilibrium Constant
- Page ID
- 1373
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"An equilibrium constant expression describes the relationship among the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the substances present in a system at equilibrium" (General Chemistry).
For a given chemical reaction:
\[aA + bB \rightleftharpoons cC + dD\]
the equilibrium constant expression is as follows:
\[K_c = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}\]
To calculate the equilibrium constant (also known as the dissociation constant), the concentrations of each species in the reaction at equilibrium must be measured. Consider the general acid dissociation equation:
\[HA + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A^- + H_3O^+\]
Where HA is the acid, H2O is water, A- is the conjugate base of the acid, and H3O+ is the hydronium ion, a protonated water molecule.
Any equilibrium problem given provides some needed information, including a variety of numbers and/or units. Either Ka or Kb, the dissociation constants for the acid or the base in the equation, respectively, will be provided. For this example, Ka = 2.2 x 10-4 and the initial concentration of HA, the acid in solution is 2 mol L-1.
The equilibrium concentrations are calculated using an ICE Table. An ICE Table is a way to keep all your information organized throughout the process. ICE stands for 'Initial', 'Concentration', and 'Equilibrium'.
\[HA + H_2O \rightleftharpoons A^- + H_3O^+\]
HA | + | H2O | ⇌ | A- | + | H3O+ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 2 mols/L | n/a | 0 | 0 | |||
C | -x | n/a | +x | +x | |||
E | 2-x | n/a | x | x |
In this case,
\[K_a = \frac{[A^-][H_3O^+]}{[HA]}\]
H2O is ignored in the ICE Table and when calculating the dissociation constant because it is a pure liquid. Any hypothetical solids would also be ignored.
Substituting the values from the "E" row of the table,
\[\begin{eqnarray} K_a &=& \frac{(x)(x)}{2-x} \\ &=& \frac{x^2}{2-x} \end{eqnarray} \]
A simple way to solve this equation is to first estimate the value for x. Assume x is very small, so the quantity 2-x is essentially 2. Keep in mind that the value for Ka is known. The equation simplifies to the following:
\[x^2 = 2K_a\]
The calculated value for x is very close to 0. It can be plugged into the 2-x term in the original equation to find a more accurate value for x. A few iterations of this process will converge on the correct concentration of H3O+ and, equivalently, A- at equilibrium in this specific case. In this example, the concentration of H3O+ and A- is 0.02086 or 2.09 x 10-2 mol L-1
The relationship between Ka and K b is the following:
\[K_W = K_a \times K_b\]
Kw is equal to 10-14. If the problem provides a value for Ka but the reaction involves a base, Kb can be calculated by dividing Kw by Ka. The same holds true if Kb is given for an acid dissociation problem.
Contributors and Attributions
- Gregory Arch