5.2: Time-Evolution of the Density Matrix
- Page ID
- 107239
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The equation of motion for the density matrix follows naturally from the definition of \(\rho\) and the time-dependent Schrödinger equation.
\[ \begin{align} \dfrac {\partial \rho} {\partial t} &= \dfrac {\partial} {\partial t} [ | \psi \rangle \langle \psi | ] \\[4pt] &= \left[ \dfrac {\partial} {\partial t} | \psi \rangle \right] \langle \psi | + | \psi \rangle \dfrac {\partial} {\partial t} \langle \psi | \\[4pt] &= \dfrac {- i} {\hbar} H | \psi \rangle \langle \psi | + \dfrac {i} {\hbar} | \psi \rangle \langle \psi | H . \label{4.13} \\[4pt] &= \dfrac {- i} {\hbar} [ H , \rho ] \label{4.14} \end{align}\]
Equation \ref{4.14} is the Liouville-Von Neumann equation. It is isomorphic to the Heisenberg equation of motion, since \(ρ\) is also an operator. The solution to Equation \ref{4.14} is
\[\rho (t) = U \rho ( 0 ) U^{\dagger} \label{4.15}\]
This can be demonstrated by first integrating Equation \ref{4.14} to obtain
\[\rho (t) = \rho ( 0 ) - \dfrac {i} {\hbar} \int _ {0}^{t} d \tau [ H ( \tau ) , \rho ( \tau ) ] \label{4.16}\]
If we expand Equation \ref{4.16} by iteratively substituting into itself, the expression is the same as when we substitute
\[U = \exp _ {+} \left[ - \dfrac {i} {\hbar} \int _ {0}^{t} d \tau H ( \tau ) \right] \label{4.17}\]
into Equation \ref{4.15} and collect terms by orders of \(H(\tau)\).
Note that Equation \ref{4.15} and the cyclic invariance of the trace imply that the time-dependent expectation value of an operator can be calculated either by propagating the operator (Heisenberg) or the density matrix (Schrödinger or interaction picture):
\[\left.\begin{aligned} \langle \hat {A} (t) \rangle & = \operatorname {Tr} [ \hat {A} \rho (t) ] \\[4pt] & = \operatorname {Tr} \left[ \hat {A} U \rho _ {0} U^{\dagger} \right] \\[4pt] & = \operatorname {Tr} \left[ \hat {A} (t) \rho _ {0} \right] \end{aligned} \right. \label{4.18}\]
For a time-independent Hamiltonian it is straightforward to show that the density matrix elements evolve as
\[ \begin{align} \rho _ {n m} (t) &= \langle n | \rho (t) | m \rangle \\[4pt] &= \left\langle n | U | \psi _ {0} \right\rangle \left\langle \psi _ {0} \left| U^{\dagger} \right| m \right\rangle \label{4.19} \\[4pt] &= e^{- i \omega _ {n m} \left( t - t _ {0} \right)} \rho _ {n m} \left( t _ {0} \right) \label{4.20} \end{align}\]
From this we see that populations, \(\rho _ {m n} (t) = \rho _ {n m} \left( t _ {0} \right)\), are time-invariant, and coherences oscillate at the energy splitting \(\omega _ {n m}\).