7.S: Mixtures and Solutions (Summary)
- Page ID
- 84527
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Learning Objectives
After mastering the material in this chapter, one will be able to
- Describe the thermodynamics of mixing and calculate \(\Delta H\), \(\Delta S\), and \(\Delta G\) or mixing for an ideal solution.
- Define chemical potential, and calculate its value as a function of pressure and composition.
- Derive expressions for the colligative properties and perform calculations using the relationships.
- Estimate the maximum solubility of a solute in a solvent based on the concept equality of chemical potential at saturation.
- Define fugacity and activity.
- Calculate the mean activity coefficients of ions in solution based on the ionic strength of the solution.
Vocabulary and Concepts
- activity
- activity coefficient
- chemical potential
- cryoscopic constant
- ebullioscopic constant
- enthalpy of mixing
- fugacity
- fugacity coefficient
- Gibbs-Duhem equation
- ideal mixture
- ionic strength
- mean activity coefficient
- osmosis
- osmotic pressure
- Raoult’s Law
- solute
- solution
- solvent
- the partial molar Gibbs function
References
- Debye, P., & Hückel, E. (1923). Zur Theorie der Electrolyte. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 24, 185-206.
- Schubert, F. E. (1983). Depression of Freezing Point and Elevation of Boiling Point. Journal of Chemical Education, 60(1), 88. doi:10.1021/ed060p87.2