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AR6. Solutions to Selected Problems

  • Page ID
    4280
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    Problem AR1.1.

    ARsimplesoln_p018.png

    Problem AR2.1.

    In the case of uncatalyzed bromination reactions, there is clear evidence that the Br-Br bond-breaking step does not start the reaction off. If that were the first step, there would presumably be an equilibrium between Br2 and Br+/Br- ions. That equilibrium would be shifted back toward Br2 if bromide salts were added. In that case, the amount of bromine cation would be suppressed and the reaction would slow down. No such salt effects are observed, however. That evidence suggests that, in the uncatalyzed reaction, the aromatic reacts directly with Br2.

    Problem AR2.2.

    In each case, a base must remove the proton from the cationic intermediate. An anion that would be present in solution has been chosen for this role.

    a)

    ARnitrationmech_oyap.png

    b)

    ARalkylationmech_rbgl.png

    c)

    ARsulfonationmech_md8n.png

    d)

    ARacylationmech_v9kv.png

    Problem AR3.2.

    ARalkylformn_s69c.png

    Problem AR3.3.

    The primary cation formed is very unstable. As a result, there is a high barrier to cation formation.

    ARprimalkylformn_kj0h.png

    Problem AR3.4.

    ARalkylshiftformn_hnco.png

    Problem AR3.5.

    ARacylformn_6u9c.png

    Problem AR3.6.

    ARacylcat_jmzl.png

    The cation that results is stabilized via π-donation from oxygen.

    Problem AR3.7.

    ARnitroformn_lp7q.png

    Problem AR3.8.

    ARso3formn_kgwb.png

    Problem AR4.2.

    ARphenoldonor_v0oq.png

    Problem AR4.3.

    AResteracceptor_p0ru.png

    Problem AR4.4.

    ARtolcation_pzwh.png

    Problem AR4.5.

    This is a substituted alkyl group. An alkyl group should be moderately activating, but the presence of a halogen exerts an inductive electron-withdrawing effect. The cation-stabilizing effect of the alkyl substituent is completely counteracted by the halogen.

    Problem AR4.6.

    a) activating b) deactivating c) activating d) deactivating e) deactivating

    Problem AR5.1.

    ARtolortho_n5e9.png

    ARtolpara_hr4x.png

    ARtolmeta_1iku.png

    The tertiary cations that result during ortho- and meta- substitution offer extra stability, leading to preferential formation of these cations.

    Problem AR5.2.

    ARClmeta_mg5v.png

    ARClpara_oum1.png

    ARClortho_6zdp.png

    The π-donation that occurs in the cations arising from ortho- and meta- substitution results in extra stability, leading to preferential formation of these cations.

    Problem AR5.3.

    ARketmeta_0c3z.png

    ARketpara_3rij.png

    ARketortho_ihpk.png

    The cation directly adjacent to the carbonyl is destabilized by the electron withdrawing effect of the ketone. By default, the other intermediate is preferentially formed.

    Problem AR5.4.

    ARacNHpara_i3z0.png

    ARacNHortho_olev.png

    ARacNHmeta_jezv.png

    The π-donation that occurs in the cations arising from ortho- and meta- substitution results in extra stability, leading to preferential formation of these cations.

    Problem AR5.5.

    ARompsoln_synu.png

    Problem AR5.6.

    ARsynthsoln_dldh.png

    Problem AR5.7.

    In cases leading to mixtures of ortho and para products, only one product was chosen, based on minimal steric interactions.

    ARdirectorwinsoln_vl4j.png


    This page titled AR6. Solutions to Selected Problems is shared under a CC BY-NC 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Schaller.

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