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II. Atom Abstraction

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    A. Halogen-Atom Abstraction

    Halogen-atom abstraction can take place both in forming a halogenated carbo­hy­drate and in removing a halogen atom from such a compound. When abstrac­tion is from a halogenated carbohydrate, it pro­duces a carbohydrate radical (eq 1). The abstracting radical typically is tin-centered or silicon-centered. In the reaction shown in eq 2, for example, a carbohydrate radical forms when a tin-centered abstracts an iodine atom from a deoxyiodo sugar.3 Abstraction that generates a halo­genated carbohydrate takes place when I2, Br2, or another halogen donor reacts with a carbohydrate radical (eq 3). Equation 4 describes a reaction of this type.4

    (1).png

    (2).png

    (3).png

    (4).png

    B. Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction

    Hydrogen-atom abstraction is an elementary reaction that permeates the free-radical chemistry of carbohydrates. Because it is the final propagation step in many chain reactions, hydrogen-atom abstrac­tion often converts a carbon-centered radical into a stable product. The hydrogen-atom donor in such reac­tions usually is a tin or silicon hydride, but sometimes a thiol or selenol serves in this role (eq 5). The final step in the simple reduction shown in eq 6 is a typical, hydrogen-atom-abstrac­tion reac­tion.3

    (5).png

    (6).png

    Carbohydrates also can serve as hydrogen atom donors (eq 7). A radical centered on a bro­mine, chlorine, or oxygen atom (and, sometimes, on a sul­fur or carbon atom) is able to abstract a hydrogen atom from a carbo­hy­drate in an elementary reaction that can be highly regio­se­lective. For inter­mo­lec­ular reactions this selectivity is due to radicals prefer­entially abstracting the hydro­gen atoms that produce the most stable carbon-centered radicals. In the reaction shown in eq 8, for example, the bromine atom abstracts only the hydrogen atom that produces the highly resonance-stabilized radical 1.4

    (7).png

    (8).png

    If a radical is centered on an oxygen or carbon atom in a carbohydrate, internal abstraction becomes a possibility. Such abstraction is regioselective not only because a more stable radical is being produced but also because the radical center is able easily to come within bonding distance of a limited number of hydro­gen atoms (sometimes only one). In the reaction shown in eq 9, the only hydrogen atom abstracted is the one that is 1,6-related to the radical center.5 Although an oxygen-centered radical (e.g., 2 in eq 9) is reac­tive enough to abstract a hydrogen atom from any carbon-hydrogen bond in a carbohydrate,6 only the most reactive carbon-centered radicals (e.g., primary and vinylic ones) are capable of such reac­tion (eq 10).7

    (9).png

    (10).png

    This page titled II. Atom Abstraction is shared under a All Rights Reserved (used with permission) license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Roger W. Binkley and Edith R. Binkley.

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