18: Organic Chemistry
- Page ID
- 396654
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 18.1: What Do I Smell
- This page details the process of smell perception through olfactory receptor neurons in the nose, which identify small gas molecules. Smells come from various molecules that fit into specific odor receptor proteins, sending signals to the brain for odor recognition. The complexity of scent perception allows us to identify numerous odors from a limited number of receptor types, as different molecules activate multiple receptors simultaneously.
- 18.2: Vitalism - The Difference Between Organic and Inorganic
- This page discusses vitalism, a belief that living organisms have a distinct "vital force" separating them from non-living things. While once prevalent, vitalism has been largely discredited due to advances in molecular biology and the 1828 synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler, demonstrating that organic compounds can arise from inorganic materials. This shifted organic chemistry's focus to carbon compounds and emphasized that life processes can be explained by physical and chemical principles.
- 18.4: Hydrocarbons- Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon
- This page covers hydrocarbons, the simplest organic compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen, categorized into aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and aromatic types. It explains structural formulas, naming conventions, and differentiates between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Isomerism is highlighted, along with key reactions such as addition reactions of alkenes and alkynes, hydrogenation, and combustion.
- 18.5: Alkanes- Saturated Hydrocarbons
- This page covers alkanes, the simplest hydrocarbons made up only of carbon and hydrogen with single bonds, known as saturated hydrocarbons. It details the three simplest alkanes—methane, ethane, and propane—and their tetrahedral molecular geometry. Furthermore, it explains that alkanes create a homologous series, differing by a CH2 unit, and presents the general formula (CnH2n + 2) for calculating molecular formulas, which is essential for grasping organic chemistry concepts.
- 18.8: Alkenes and Alkynes
- This page covers the structure, naming conventions, and properties of alkenes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-to-carbon double bonds. It details IUPAC rules for naming alkenes, identifies the parent chain, and locates the double bond. Examples of alkenes such as ethene and propene are discussed, alongside their physical properties.
- 18.9: Hydrocarbon Reactions
- This page covers the chemical properties of alkanes, noting their nonpolar nature and low reactivity, hence the name "paraffins." It details their main reactions: combustion, which generates heat, carbon dioxide, and water when sufficient oxygen is present, and halogenation, where alkanes react with halogens under certain conditions. The significance of these reactions for practical applications and safety is also emphasized.
- 18.10: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- This page covers benzene (C6H6), the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, highlighting its six-membered carbon ring, resonance structures, and sp2-hybridized carbon atoms forming σ bonds along with delocalized π bonds. It describes benzene's tendency to undergo substitution reactions, leading to derivatives such as toluene, xylene, and styrene, significant in the chemical industry.
- 18.11: Functional Groups
- This page discusses the classification of organic compounds by functional groups, emphasizing their reactivity. It identifies key families such as hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing compounds, carboxylic acid derivatives, and nitrogen-containing compounds. It highlights the systematic nomenclature for locating functional groups and contrasts it with common naming conventions for aromatic rings.
- 18.12: Alcohols
- This page provides a comprehensive overview of alcohols, organic compounds characterized by a hydroxyl group. It covers their structure, classification (primary, secondary, tertiary), and IUPAC nomenclature. The properties of alcohols, such as higher boiling points and solubility in water due to hydrogen bonding, are discussed.
- 18.13: Ethers
- This page explains ethers, including their structure, which differs from alcohols and affects their physical properties and reactivity. Unlike alcohols, ethers lack hydrogen on the oxygen atom, leading to lower boiling points due to the absence of hydrogen bonding. It describes the naming conventions for ethers, their water solubility, and their historical use as anesthetics like diethyl ether, while noting the associated risks and the shift to safer alternatives.
- 18.14: Aldehydes and Ketones
- This page provides an overview of aldehydes and ketones, emphasizing their structure defined by the carbonyl group (C=O). Aldehydes and ketones are distinguished by their attachments, with nomenclature following IUPAC rules. It discusses their physical properties, including solubility and boiling points influenced by dipole interactions.
- 18.15: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
- This page discusses carbonyl functional groups in aldehydes and ketones, emphasizing their structural distinctions. It introduces carboxylic acids and derivatives, including amides, esters, and acid chlorides, detailing their bonding characteristics. Additionally, it cites complex compounds with multiple functional groups, like glucose and testosterone, and includes a summary table for reference.
- 18.16: Amines
- This page discusses amines as basic compounds that accept protons, forming ammonium and hydroxide ions in water. They react with strong acids to create soluble salts. It highlights heterocyclic amines, which contain nitrogen in their rings, and mentions significant medicinal compounds called alkaloids, including caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine.
- 18.17: Polymers
- This page provides an overview of polymer synthesis and classification, discussing the differences between synthetic and biological polymers. It covers the polymerization processes, including condensation and addition reactions, and highlights specific examples like nylon and polyethylene variants (LDPE and HDPE) along with their applications.
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