S1: Solvent Properties
- Page ID
- 15012
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The following table lists common solvents and their properties.
| Solvent | Formula | FW (g/mol) |
boiling point (°C) |
melting point (°C) | Density | Solubility in water (g/100 mL) | Dielectric constant | Dipole moment (debye) | Flash point (°C) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetic acid | C2H4O2 | 60.05 | 118 | 16.7 | 1.049 | Miscible | 6.15 | 1.74 | 39 |
| acetic anhydride | C4H6O3 | 102.09 | 149.6 | -73.1 | 1.082 | Reacts | 21 | 2.8 | 49 |
| acetone | C3H6O | 58.08 | 56.3 | -94.3 | 0.788 | Miscible | 20.7 | 2.69 | -18 |
| acetonitrile | C2H3N | 41.05 | 81.6 | -46 | 0.786 | Miscible | 37.5 | 3.92 | 6 |
| ammonia | NH3 | 17.03 | -33.38 | -77.7 | 0.725 | Miscible | 26.7 | 1.47 | flammable gas |
| aniline | C6H7N | 93.13 | 184.4 | -6.3 | 1.022 | 3.6 | 6.89 | 1.76 | |
| benzene | C6H6 | 78.11 | 80.1 | 5.5 | 0.879 | 0.18 | 2.28 | 0 | -11 |
| benzyl alcohol | C7H8O | 108.14 | 205.2 | -15.3 | 1.042 | 4 | 13.1 | 1.71 | 94 |
| bromine | Br2 | 159.81 | 59.5 | -7.25 | 3.12 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 0 | non flammable |
| bromoform | CHBr3 | 252.73 | 149.6 | 8.3 | 2.89 | 0.3 | 4.39 | 0.99 | non flammable |
| 1-butanol | C4H10O | 74.12 | 117.6 | -89.5 | 0.81 | 6.3 | 17.8 | 1.66 | 35 |
| 2-butanol | C4H10O | 74.12 | 98 | -115 | 0.808 | 15 | 15.8 | 1.8 | 26 |
| 2-butanone | C4H8O | 72.11 | 79.6 | -86.3 | 0.805 | 25.6 | 18.5 | 2.78 | -7 |
| iso-butyl alcohol | C4H10O | 74.12 | 107.7 | -108 | 0.798 | 10 | 17.9 | 1.79 | 28 |
| tert-butyl alcohol | C4H10O | 74.12 | 82.2 | 25.5 | 0.786 | Miscible | 12.5 | 1.66 | 11 |
| carbon disulfide | CS2 | 76.14 | 46.26 | -111.5 | 1.257 | 0.29 | 2.6 | 0 | -30 |
| carbon tetrachloride | CCl4 | 153.82 | 76.7 | -22.4 | 1.594 | 0.08 | 2.24 | 0 | non flammable |
| chlorobenzene | C6H5Cl | 112.56 | 131.7 | -45.6 | 1.1066 | 0.05 | 2.71 | 1.69 | 29 |
| chloroform | CHCl3 | 119.38 | 61.7 | -63.7 | 1.498 | 0.795 | 4.81 | 1.04 | non flammable |
| cyclohexane | C6H12 | 84.16 | 80.7 | 6.6 | 0.779 | <0.1 | 2.02 | 0 | -20 |
| cyclohexanone | C6H10O | 98.15 | 155.7 | -37.9 | 0.942 | 2.4 | 15 | 2.9 | 44 |
| o-dichlorobenzene | C6H4Cl2 | 147.01 | 180.5 | -17 | 1.31 | 0 | 9.8 | 2.27 | 66 |
| 1,2-dichloroethane | C2H4Cl2 | 98.96 | 83.5 | -35.3 | 1.245 | 0.861 | 10.42 | 2.06 | 13 |
| dichloromethane | CH2Cl2 | 84.93 | 39.8 | -96.7 | 1.326 | 1.32 | 9.08 | 1.60 | 1.6 |
| diethyl ether | C4H10O | 74.12 | 34.6 | -116.3 | 0.713 | 7.5 | 4.34 | 1.15 | -45 |
| diethylene glycol | C4H10O3 | 106.12 | 245 | -10 | 1.118 | 10 | 31.7 | 2.31 | 143 |
| diglyme | C6H14O3 | 134.17 | 162 | -68 | 0.943 | Miscible | 7.23 | 1.97 | 67 |
| diisopropyl ether | C6H14O | 102.18 | 68.3 | -85.4 | 0.724 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 1.3 | -28 |
| diisopropylethyl amine | C8H19N | 129.95 | 127 | -50 | 0.742 | Miscible | 10.5 | ||
| DME | C4H10O2 | 90.12 | 85 | -58 | 0.868 | Miscible | 7.2 | 1.71 | -6 |
| dimethylether | C2H6O | 46.07 | -22 | -138.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.30 | -41 |
| DMF | C3H7NO | 73.09 | 153 | -61 | 0.944 | Miscible | 36.7 | 3.86 | 58 |
| dimethyl sulfate | C2H6SO4 | 126.13 | 188 | -31.8 | 1.332 | Reacts | 83.3 | ||
| DMSO | C2H6OS | 78.13 | 189 | 18.4 | 1.092 | Miscible | 47 | 3.96 | 95 |
| dioxane | C4H8O2 | 88.11 | 101.1 | 11.8 | 1.033 | Miscible | 2.21 | 2.06 | 12 |
| ethanol | C2H6O | 46.07 | 78.5 | -114.1 | 0.789 | Miscible | 24.6 | 1.66 | 13 |
| ethyl acetate | C4H8O2 | 88.11 | 77 | -83.6 | 0.895 | 8.7 | 6 | 1.78 | -4 |
| ethylene glycol | C2H6O2 | 62.07 | 195 | -13 | 1.115 | Miscible | 37.7 | 2.36 | 111 |
| formamide | CH3NO | 45.04 | 210.5 | 2.55 | 1.134 | Miscible | 111 | 3.37 | 154 |
| formic acid | CH2O2 | 46.03 | 100.7 | 8.3 | 1.213 | Miscible | 58.5 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
| glycerol | C3H8O3 | 92.09 | 290 | 17.8 | 1.261 | Miscible | 42.5 | 2.56 | 160 |
| heptane | C7H16 | 100.2 | 98.4 | -90.7 | 0.684 | 0.01 | 1.92 | 0 | -4 |
| HMPA | C6H18N3OP | 179.2 | 232.5 | 7.2 | 1.03 | Miscible | 31.3 | 5.54 | 105 |
| HMPT | C6H18N3P | 163.2 | 150 | -44 | 0.898 | Miscible | 26 | ||
| hexane | C6H14 | 86.18 | 69 | -95 | 0.659 | 0.014 | 1.89 | 0.085 | -22 |
| hydrazine | N2H4 | 32.05 | 113.5 | 1.6 | 1.004 | Miscible | 51.7 | 1.9 | 52 |
| hydrogen peroxide | H2O2 | 34.01 | 150.2 | -0.4 | 1.443 | Miscible | 89 | 2.01 | non flammable |
| iodomethane | CH3I | 141.94 | 42.5 | -66.5 | 2.28 | 1.4 | 1.6 | -28 | |
| methanol | CH4O | 32.04 | 64.6 | -98 | 0.791 | Miscible | 32.6 | 2.87 | 12 |
| MTBE | C5H12O | 88.15 | 55.2 | -109 | 0.741 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 1.32 | -28 |
| methylformamide | C2H5NO | 59.07 | 182 | -4 | 0.999 | Miscible | 182.4 | 3.8 | 111 |
| NMP | C5H9NO | 99.13 | 202 | -24 | 1.033 | 10 | 32 | 4.1 | 91 |
| nitrobenzene | C6H5NO2 | 123.11 | 210.8 | 5.8 | 1.199 | 0.19 | 34.8 | 4.3 | 87 |
| nitromethane | CH3NO2 | 61.04 | 101.2 | -29 | 1.382 | 9.5 | 35.9 | 3.56 | 35 |
| oxalyl chloride | C2O2Cl2 | 126.93 | 63 | -12 | 1.48 | Reacts | >100 | ||
| pentane | C5H12 | 72.15 | 36.1 | -129.7 | 0.626 | 0.04 | 1.84 | 0 | -49 |
| petroleum ether | -- | -- | 30-60 | -40 | 0.656 | -- | -- | -30 | |
| 1-propanol | C3H8O | 88.15 | 97 | -126 | 0.803 | Miscible | 20.1 | 1.55 | 15 |
| 2-propanol | C3H8O | 88.15 | 82.4 | -88.5 | 0.785 | Miscible | 18.3 | 1.58 | 12 |
| pyridine | C5H5N | 79.1 | 115.2 | -41.6 | 0.982 | Miscible | 12.3 | 2.37 | 17 |
| THF | C4H8O | 72.11 | 66 | -108.4 | 0.886 | 30 | 7.6 | 1.75 | -21 |
| thionyl chloride | SOCl2 | 118.97 | 78.8 | -105 | 1.64 | Reacts | 1.4 | non flammable | |
| toluene | C7H8 | 92.14 | 110.6 | -93 | 0.867 | 0.05 | 2.38 | 0.375 | 4 |
| triethyl amine | C6H15N | 101.19 | 88.9 | -114.7 | 0.728 | 0.02 | 2.4 | 0.66 | -11 |
| trifluoroacetic acid | C2HO2F3 | 114.02 | 72.4 | -15.4 | 1.48 | Miscible | 42.1 | -3 | |
| trimethylsilyl chloride | C3H9SiCl | 108.64 | 57 | -58 | 0.856 | Reacts | -18 | ||
| water | H2O | 18.02 | 100 | 0 | 0.998 | Miscible | 78.54 | 1.84 | non flammable |
| water, heavy | D2O | 20.03 | 101.3 | 4 | 1.107 | Miscible | ?? | non flammable | |
| o-xylene | C8H10 | 106.17 | 144 | -25.2 | 0.897 | Insoluble | 2.57 | 0.64 | 32 |
| m-xylene | C8H10 | 106.17 | 139.1 | -47.8 | 0.868 | Insoluble | 2.37 | 27 | |
| p-xylene | C8H10 | 106.17 | 138.4 | 13.3 | 0.861 | Insoluble | 2.27 | 27 |