Acid-Base Indicators

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Nov 3, 2020
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The quantities listed in the "Preparation" column ought to be considered to be only good approximations. The audience of users, the decision whether to determine a titration error for a particular color change and the experimental environment must be considered when deciding what quantity is best to use.

Indicator	pH Change	Color Change	Preparation
Methyl Violet	0.0 - 1.6	yel to bl	0.01- 0.05 % in water
Crystal Violet	0.0 - 1.8	yel to bl	0.02% in water
Ethyl Violet	0.0 - 2.4	yel to bl	0.1 g in 50 ml of MeOH + 50 ml of water
Malachite Green	0.2 - 1.8	yel to bl grn	water
Methyl Green	0.2 - 1.8	yel to bl	0.1% in water
2 - (p - dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine	0.2 - 1.8, 4.4 - 5.6	yel to bl, red to yel	0.1 % in ETOH
o - Cresolsulfonephthalein (Cresol Red)	0.4 - 1.8, 7.0 - 8.8	yel to red, yel to red	0.1 g in 26.2 ml 0.01M NaOH + 223.8 ml water
Quinaldine Red	1.0 - 2.2	col to red	1 % in ETOH
p - (p - dimethylaminophenylazo) - benzoic acid, Na - salt (Paramethyl Red)	1.0 - 3.0	red to yel	ETOH
m - (p - anilnophenylazo)benzene sulfonic acid, Na - salt (Metanil Yellow)	1.2 - 2.4	red to yel	0.01% in water
4 - Phenylazodiphenylamine	1.2 - 2.6	red to yel	0.01 g in 1 ml 1M HCI + 50 ml ETOH + 49 ml water
Thymolsulfonephthalein (Thymol Blue)	1.2 - 2.8, 8.0 - 9.6	red to yel, yel to bl	0.1 g in 21.5 ml 0.01 M NaOH + 229.5 mL water
m - Cresolsulfonephthalein (Metacresol Purple)	1.2 - 2.8, 7.4 - 9.0	red to yel, yel to purp	0.1 g in 26.2 ml 0.01M NaOH + 223.8 ml water
p - (p - anilinophenylazo)benzenesulfonic acid, Na - salt (Orange IV)	1.4 - 2.8	red to yel	0.01 % in water
4 - o - Tolylazo - o - toluidine	1.4 - 2.8	or to yel	water
Erythrosine, disodium salt	2.2 - 3.6	or,to red	0.1% in water
Benzopurpurine 48	2.2 - 4.2	vt to red	0. 1 170 in water
N,N - dimethyl - p - (m - tolylazo)aniline	2.6 - 4.8	red to yel	0.1% in water
4,4' - Bix(2 - amino - l - naphthylazo)2,2' - stil - benedisulfonic acid	3.0 - 4.0	purp to red	0.1 g in 5.9 ml 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 ml water
Tetrabromophenolphthaleinethyl ester, K - salt	3.0 - 4.2	yel to bl	0.1 % in ETOH
3',3",5',5" - tetrabromophenol - sulfonephthalein (Bromophenol Blue)	3.0 - 4.6	yel to bl	0.1 g in 14.9 ml 0.01M NaOH + 235.1 ml water
2,4 - Dinitrophenol	2.8 - 4.0	colorless to yel	saturated water solution
N,N - Dimethyl - p - phenylazoaniline (p - Dimethylaminoazobenzene)	2.8 - 4.4	red to yel	0.1 g in 90 ml in ETOH + 10 ml water
Congo Red	3.0 - 5.0	blue to red	0.1% in water
Methyl Orange - Xylene Cyanole solution	3.2 - 4.2	purp to grn	ready solution
Methyl Orange	3.2 - 4.4	red to yel	0.01 % in water
Ethyl Orange	3. 4 - 4. 8'	red to yel	0.05 - 0.2% in water or aqueous ETOH
4 - (4 - Dimethylamino - 1 - naphthylazo) - 3 - methoxybenzenesulfonic acid	3.5 - 4.8	vt to yel	0.1% in 60% ETOH
3',3",5',5" - Tetrabromo - m - cresol - sulfonephthalein (Bromocresol Green)	3.8 - 5.4	yel to blue	0.1 g in 14.3 ml 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 ml water
Resazurin	3.8 - 6.4	or to vt	water
4 - Phenylazo - l - naphthylamine	4.0 - 5.6	red to yel	0.1 % in ETOH
Ethyl Red	4.0 - 5.8	col to red	0.1 g in 50 ml MEOH + 50 ml water
2 - (p - Dimethylaminophenylazo) - pyridine	0.2 - 1.8, 4.4 - 5.6	yel to red, red to yel	0.1 % in ETOH
4 - (p - ethoxyphenylazo) - m - phenylene - diamine monohydrochloride	4.4 - 5.8	or to yel	0.1% in water
Lacmoid	4.4 - 6.2	red to bl	0.2% in ETOH
Alizarin Red S	4.6 - 6.0	yel to red	0.2 g in 100 mL of 1.5% HCl
Methyl Red	4.8 - 6.0	red to yel	0.02 g in 60 ml ETOH + 40 ml water
Propyl Red	4.8 - 6.6	red to yel	ETOH
5',5" - Dibromo - o - cresolsulfone - phthalein (Bromocresol Purple)	5.2 - 6.8	yel to purp	0.1 g in 18.5 ml 0.01M NaOH + 231.5 ml water
3',3" - Dichlorophenolsulfonephthalein (Chlorophenol Red)	5.2 - 6.8	yel to red	0.1 g in 23.6 ml 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 ml water
p - Nitrophenol	5.4 - 6.6	col to yel	0.1% in water
Alizarin	5.6 - 7.2, 11.0 - 12.4	yel to red, red to purp	0.1 % in MEOH
2 - (2,4 - Dinitrophenylazo) - l - naphthol - 3, 6 - disulfonic acid, di - Na salt	6.0 - 7.0	yel to bl	0.1% in water
3',3" - Dibromothymolsulfonephthalein (Bromothymol Blue)	6.0 - 7.6	yel to bl	0.1 gin 16 ml 0.01 M NaOH + 234 ml water
6,8 - Dinitro - 2,4 - (lH)quinazolinedione (m - Dinitrobenzoylene urea)	6.4 - 8.0	col to yel	25 g in 115 ml M NaOH + 50 ml boiling water 0.292g of NaCl in 100 ml water
Brilliant Yellow	6.6 - 7.8	yel to or	1 % in water
Phenolsulfonephthalein (Phenol Red)	6.6 - 8.0	yel to red	0.1 gin 28.2 ml 0.01M NaOH + 221.8 ml water
Neutral Red	6.8 - 8.0	red to amb	0.01 g in 50 ml ETOH + 50 ml water
m - Nitrophenol	6.8 - 8.6	col to yel	0.3170 in water
o - Cresolsulfonephthalein (Cresol Red)	0.0 - 1.0, 7.0 - 8.8	red to yel, yel to red	0.1 g in 26.2 ml 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 ml water
Curcumin	7.4 - 8.6, 10.2 - 11.8	yel to red	ETOH
m - Cresolsulfonephthalein (Metacresol Purple)	1.2 - 2.8, 7.4 - 9.0	red to yel, yel to purp	0.1 gin 26.2 ml 0.01M NaOH + 223.8 ml water
4,4' - Bis(4 - amino - i - Daphthylazo) 2,2'stilbene disulfonic acid	8.0 - 9.0	bl to red	0.1 gin 5.9 ml 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 ml water
Thymolsulfonephthalein (Thymol Blue)	1.2 - 2.8, 8.0 - 9.6	red to yel	0.1 g in 21.5 ml 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 ml water
o - Cresolphthalein	8.2 - 9.8	col to red	0.04% in ETOH
p - Naphtholbenzene	8.2 - 10.0	or to bl	I % in dil. alkali
Phenolphthalein	8.2 - 10.0	col to pink	0.05 gin 50 mL ETOH + 50 mL water
Ethyl - bis (2.4 - dimethylphenyl)acetate	8.4 - 9.6	col to bl	saturated solution in 50% acetone alcohol
Thymolphthalein	9.4 - 10.6	col to bl	0.04 g in 50 ml ETOH + 50 ml water
5 - (p - Nitrophenylazo)salicylic acid, Na - salt (Alizarin Yellow R)	10.1 - 12.0	yel to red	0.01 % in water
p - (2,4 - Dihydroxyphenylazo)benzene - sulfonic acid, Na - salt	11.4 - 12.6	yel to or	0.1 % in water
5,5' - Indigodisulfonic acid, di - Na - salt	11.4 - 13.0	bl to yel	water
2,4,6 - Trinitrotoluene	11.5 - 13.0	co] to or	0.1 - 0.5% in ETOH
1,3,5 - Trinitrobenzene	12.0 - 14.0	col to or	0.1 - 0.5% in ETOH
Clayton Yellow	12.2 - 13.2	yel to amb	0.1% in water

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