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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_Trade_Technical_College/Analytical_Chemistry/2%3A_Analytical_Chemistry_2.0_(Harvey)/14%3A_Kinetic_Methods/14.2%3A_Chemical_KineticsEvery chemical reaction occurs at a finite rate, making it a potential candidate for a chemical kinetic method of analysis. To be effective, however, the chemical reaction must meet three necessary co...Every chemical reaction occurs at a finite rate, making it a potential candidate for a chemical kinetic method of analysis. To be effective, however, the chemical reaction must meet three necessary conditions: the reaction must not occur too quickly or too slowly; we must know the reaction’s rate law; and we must be able to monitor the change in concentration for at least one species.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/East_Tennessee_State_University/CHEM_4110%3A_Advanced_Inorganic_Chemistry/11%3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry/11.02%3A_Introduction_to_Amino_Acids_and_ProteinsThere are twenty different side chains in naturally occurring amino acids, and it is the identity of the side chain that determines the identity of the amino acid: for example, if the side chain is a ...There are twenty different side chains in naturally occurring amino acids, and it is the identity of the side chain that determines the identity of the amino acid: for example, if the side chain is a -CH 3 group, the amino acid is alanine, and if the side chain is a -CH 2 OH group, the amino acid is serine.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_333_-_Organic_Chemistry_III_(Lund)/New_Page/1%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Structure_and_Bonding_I/1.3%3A_Structures_of_some_important_biomolecules/1.3.0%3A_Introduction_to_Amino_Acids_and_ProteinsProteins are polymers of amino acids, linked by amide groups known as peptide bonds. An amino acid can be thought of as having two components: a 'backbone', or 'main chain', composed of an ammonium gr...Proteins are polymers of amino acids, linked by amide groups known as peptide bonds. An amino acid can be thought of as having two components: a 'backbone', or 'main chain', composed of an ammonium group, an 'alpha-carbon', and a carboxylate, and a variable 'side chain' (in green below) bonded to the alpha-carbon.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/Pick_Your_Poison%3A_Introduction_to_Materials_Toxicology/25%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.11%3A_Enzymes_and_CoenzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells, functioning by lowering activation energy. They are often proteins, though some RNA molecules (ribozymes) can act as enzymes...Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells, functioning by lowering activation energy. They are often proteins, though some RNA molecules (ribozymes) can act as enzymes. Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes, often derived from vitamins. Together, they play crucial roles in metabolic pathways and cellular processes, ensuring efficiency and specificity in biochemical reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/26%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/26.11%3A_Enzymes_and_CoenzymesFigure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action. (a) Because the substrate and the active site of the enzyme have complementary structures and bonding groups, they fit together as a ...Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action. (a) Because the substrate and the active site of the enzyme have complementary structures and bonding groups, they fit together as a key fits a lock. (b) The catalytic reaction occurs while the two are bonded together in the enzyme-substrate complex.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/26%3A_Biochemistry/26.07%3A_EnzymesThis page discusses the isolation of urease by James Sumner in 1926, highlighting its role as the first enzyme and earning Sumner a Nobel Prize in 1946. It explains enzymes as biological catalysts tha...This page discusses the isolation of urease by James Sumner in 1926, highlighting its role as the first enzyme and earning Sumner a Nobel Prize in 1946. It explains enzymes as biological catalysts that facilitate reactions by binding substrates at active sites, and describes how inhibitors can disrupt their function either competitively or non-competitively. Additionally, it notes that some enzymes need cofactors, which are non-protein molecules essential for their activity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Earlham_College/CHEM_361%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Watson)/07%3A_Bioinorganic_Chemistry/7.02%3A_Introduction_to_Amino_Acids_and_ProteinsThere are twenty different side chains in naturally occurring amino acids, and it is the identity of the side chain that determines the identity of the amino acid: for example, if the side chain is a ...There are twenty different side chains in naturally occurring amino acids, and it is the identity of the side chain that determines the identity of the amino acid: for example, if the side chain is a -CH 3 group, the amino acid is alanine, and if the side chain is a -CH 2 OH group, the amino acid is serine.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/Pick_Your_Poison%3A_Introduction_to_Materials_Toxicology/28%3A_Levels_of_Organization/28.02%3A_The_Chemical_Level_of_Organization/28.2.06%3A_Organic_Compounds_Essential_to_Human_FunctioningFigure \(\PageIndex{9}\): The Shape of Proteins (a) The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain. (b) The secondary structure, which can take the form of an ...Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\): The Shape of Proteins (a) The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain. (b) The secondary structure, which can take the form of an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet, is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the original polypeptide strand. (c) The tertiary structure occurs as a result of further folding and bonding of the secondary structure. (d) The quaternary structure occurs as a result …
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(OpenStax)/26%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/26.10%3A_Enzymes_and_CoenzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells, functioning by lowering activation energy. They are often proteins, though some RNA molecules (ribozymes) can act as enzymes...Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells, functioning by lowering activation energy. They are often proteins, though some RNA molecules (ribozymes) can act as enzymes. Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes, often derived from vitamins. Together, they play crucial roles in metabolic pathways and cellular processes, ensuring efficiency and specificity in biochemical reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Saint_Marys_College_Notre_Dame_IN/CHEM_122%3A_Principles_of_Chemistry_II_(Under_construction)/6%3A_Kinetics/6.1%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/CatalysisCatalysts participate in a chemical reaction and increase its rate. They do not appear in the reaction’s net equation and are not consumed during the reaction. Catalysts allow a reaction to proceed vi...Catalysts participate in a chemical reaction and increase its rate. They do not appear in the reaction’s net equation and are not consumed during the reaction. Catalysts allow a reaction to proceed via a pathway that has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed reaction. In heterogeneous catalysis, catalysts provide a surface to which reactants bind in a process of adsorption. In homogeneous catalysis, catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Biomolecules-_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/26.12%3A_Enzymes_and_CoenzymesFigure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action. (a) Because the substrate and the active site of the enzyme have complementary structures and bonding groups, they fit together as a ...Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Lock-and-Key Model of Enzyme Action. (a) Because the substrate and the active site of the enzyme have complementary structures and bonding groups, they fit together as a key fits a lock. (b) The catalytic reaction occurs while the two are bonded together in the enzyme-substrate complex.
