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  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/DePaul_University/Physical_Chemistry_for_Biological_Sciences/05%3A_The_Harmonic_Oscillator_and_the_Rigid_Rotor/5.08%3A_The_Rigid_Rotator_is_a_Model_for_a_Rotating_Diatomic_Molecule
    To develop a description of the rotational states, we will consider the molecule to be a rigid object, i.e. the bond lengths are fixed and the molecule cannot vibrate. This model for rotation is calle...To develop a description of the rotational states, we will consider the molecule to be a rigid object, i.e. the bond lengths are fixed and the molecule cannot vibrate. This model for rotation is called the rigid-rotor model. It is a good approximation (even though a molecule vibrates as it rotates, and the bonds are elastic rather than rigid) because the amplitude of the vibration is small compared to the bond length.
  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Grinnell_College/CHM_364%3A_Physical_Chemistry_2_(Grinnell_College)/05%3A_The_Harmonic_Oscillator_and_the_Rigid_Rotor/5.09%3A_The_Rigid_Rotator_is_a_Model_for_a_Rotating_Diatomic_Molecule
    To develop a description of the rotational states, we will consider the molecule to be a rigid object, i.e. the bond lengths are fixed and the molecule cannot vibrate. This model for rotation is calle...To develop a description of the rotational states, we will consider the molecule to be a rigid object, i.e. the bond lengths are fixed and the molecule cannot vibrate. This model for rotation is called the rigid-rotor model. It is a good approximation (even though a molecule vibrates as it rotates, and the bonds are elastic rather than rigid) because the amplitude of the vibration is small compared to the bond length.
  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Worksheets/Worksheets%3A_Physical_Chemistry/GroupWork_06%3A_Rigid_Rotor
    The rigid rotator model is used to interpret rotational spectra of diatomic molecules. This groupwork exercise aims to help you connect the rigid rotator model to rotational spectroscopy.
  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/05%3A_The_Harmonic_Oscillator_and_the_Rigid_Rotor/5.09%3A_The_Rigid_Rotator_is_a_Model_for_a_Rotating_Diatomic_Molecule
    To develop a description of the rotational states, we will consider the molecule to be a rigid object, i.e. the bond lengths are fixed and the molecule cannot vibrate. This model for rotation is calle...To develop a description of the rotational states, we will consider the molecule to be a rigid object, i.e. the bond lengths are fixed and the molecule cannot vibrate. This model for rotation is called the rigid-rotor model. It is a good approximation (even though a molecule vibrates as it rotates, and the bonds are elastic rather than rigid) because the amplitude of the vibration is small compared to the bond length.
  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.06%3A_Rotational_Partition_Functions_of_Diatomic_Gases_Contain_a_Symmetry_Number
    This page covers the rotational energy levels of diatomic molecules, highlighting equations related to rotational constants and moment of inertia, and introduces rotational temperature where thermal e...This page covers the rotational energy levels of diatomic molecules, highlighting equations related to rotational constants and moment of inertia, and introduces rotational temperature where thermal energy equals energy level spacing. It discusses the rotational partition function, including the role of degeneracy and symmetry in homonuclear molecules.

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