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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Tennessee_State_University/CHEM_4210%3A_Inorganic_Chem_II_(Siddiquee)/04%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry/4.01%3A_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/4.1.03%3A_General_Trends_among_the_Transition_MetalsTransition metals are characterized by the existence of multiple oxidation states separated by a single electron. Most transition-metal compounds are paramagnetic, whereas virtually all compounds of t...Transition metals are characterized by the existence of multiple oxidation states separated by a single electron. Most transition-metal compounds are paramagnetic, whereas virtually all compounds of the p-block elements are diamagnetic.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_331_-_Organic_Chemistry_(Lund)/05%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity/5.E%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity_(Exercises)P6.1: For each of the nucleophilic substitution reactions below, identify the atoms which are acting as nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group, and draw a curved-arrow diagram showing a one-step...P6.1: For each of the nucleophilic substitution reactions below, identify the atoms which are acting as nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group, and draw a curved-arrow diagram showing a one-step mechanism. Using appropriate 'R' abbreviations for regions of the molecules that are not directly involved in bond-breaking or bond-forming events above, draw curved arrows showing the electron movement that takes place in each step.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_332_--_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Lund)/1%3A_Fall_term_review_sections/6%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity/6.E%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity_(Exercises)P6.1: For each of the nucleophilic substitution reactions below, identify the atoms which are acting as nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group, and draw a curved-arrow diagram showing a one-step...P6.1: For each of the nucleophilic substitution reactions below, identify the atoms which are acting as nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group, and draw a curved-arrow diagram showing a one-step mechanism. Using appropriate 'R' abbreviations for regions of the molecules that are not directly involved in bond-breaking or bond-forming events above, draw curved arrows showing the electron movement that takes place in each step.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.12%3A_Bond_EnergyThis page explains how smog is formed from nitrogen compounds (\(\ce{NO_x}\) ) produced during high-temperature combustion in cars. Although nitrogen gas (\(\ce{N_2}\)) is inert due to its strong trip...This page explains how smog is formed from nitrogen compounds (\(\ce{NO_x}\) ) produced during high-temperature combustion in cars. Although nitrogen gas (\(\ce{N_2}\)) is inert due to its strong triple bonds, it can become reactive with sufficient energy. The concept of bond energy indicates that higher energy correlates with greater stability and less reactivity. Bacteria play a crucial role in converting nitrogen into usable forms for plants and animals.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_333_-_Organic_Chemistry_III_(Lund)/New_Page/11%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions/11.4%3A_The_Relative_Reactivity_of_Carboxylic_Acid_DerivativesIn carboxylic acid derivatives, the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon is stabilized by electron donation from nonbonding electrons on the adjacent heteroatom, which has the effect of decr...In carboxylic acid derivatives, the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon is stabilized by electron donation from nonbonding electrons on the adjacent heteroatom, which has the effect of decreasing electrophilicity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Sandboxes/khaas/Inorganic_Chemistry_II_(CHEM4210)/04%3A_d-Block_Metal_Chemistry/4.01%3A_Properties_of_Transition_Metals/4.1.03%3A_General_Trends_among_the_Transition_MetalsTransition metals are characterized by the existence of multiple oxidation states separated by a single electron. Most transition-metal compounds are paramagnetic, whereas virtually all compounds of t...Transition metals are characterized by the existence of multiple oxidation states separated by a single electron. Most transition-metal compounds are paramagnetic, whereas virtually all compounds of the p-block elements are diamagnetic.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Group_17%3A_General_Properties_of_HalogensHowever, if the halogen is bonded to oxygen or to another halogen, it can adopt different states: the -2 rule for oxygen takes precedence over this rule; in the case of two different halogens bonded t...However, if the halogen is bonded to oxygen or to another halogen, it can adopt different states: the -2 rule for oxygen takes precedence over this rule; in the case of two different halogens bonded together, the more electronegative atom takes precedence and adopts the -1 oxidation state.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_331_-_Organic_Chemistry_(Lund)/05%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity/5.S%3A_Overview_of_Organic_Reactivity_(Summary)Given a reaction coordinate diagram for a hypothetical reaction, you should be able to recognize whether the reaction is endergonic or exergonic, and whether the equilibrium constant is greater than o...Given a reaction coordinate diagram for a hypothetical reaction, you should be able to recognize whether the reaction is endergonic or exergonic, and whether the equilibrium constant is greater than or less than 1. Given a detailed reaction process showing starting reactant(s), intermediate(s), and product(s) with associated curved arrows, you should be able to sketch a reaction coordinate diagram that that is consistent with the details of the reaction mechanism.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/13%3A_Chapter_13_-_s-Block_Elements/13.2%3A_Reactivity_of_Group_1_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_1_Elements_with_WaterThe table below gives estimates of the enthalpy change for each of the elements undergoing the reaction with water: There is no overall trend in the overall reaction enthalpy, but each of the componen...The table below gives estimates of the enthalpy change for each of the elements undergoing the reaction with water: There is no overall trend in the overall reaction enthalpy, but each of the component input enthalpies (in which energy must be supplied) decreases down the group, while the hydration enthalpies increase: This decreases as the size of the atoms and the length of the metallic bond increase.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z003_Chemistry_of_Lithium_(Z3)Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is us...Chlorine is a halogen in Lithium is a rare element found primarily in molten rock and saltwater in very small amounts. It is understood to be non-vital in human biological processes, although it is used in many drug treatments due to its positive effects on the human brain. Because of its reactive properties, humans have utilized lithium in batteries, nuclear fusion reactions, and thermonuclear weapons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.12%3A_Energy_LevelThis page explains how fireworks display colored lights due to energy bursts from electrons in atoms. Electrons occupy fixed energy levels, resembling staircases, where lower levels hold fewer electro...This page explains how fireworks display colored lights due to energy bursts from electrons in atoms. Electrons occupy fixed energy levels, resembling staircases, where lower levels hold fewer electrons. When energized, electrons can jump to higher levels and emit light upon returning to lower ones. The stability and reactivity of elements, such as fluorine and lithium, are influenced by their valence electrons, which seek stability through electron transfer.
