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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/DePaul_University/Thermodynamics_and_Introduction_to_Quantum_Mechanics_(Southern)/07%3A_The_Development_of_Quantum_Mechanics/7.02%3A_The_Photoelectric_EffectEinstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surfa...Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surface and emit electrons when absorbed. This theory ran contrary to the belief that electromagnetic radiation was a wave and thus it was not recognized as correct until 1916 when Robert Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_333_-_Organic_Chemistry_III_(Lund)/New_Page/4%3A_Structure_Determination_I-_UV-Vis_and_Infrared_Spectroscopy_Mass_Spectrometry/4.1%3A_Introduction_to_molecular_spectroscopyIn a spectroscopy experiment, electromagnetic radiation of a specified range of wavelengths is allowed to pass through a sample containing a compound of interest. The sample molecules absorb energy fr...In a spectroscopy experiment, electromagnetic radiation of a specified range of wavelengths is allowed to pass through a sample containing a compound of interest. The sample molecules absorb energy from some of the wavelengths, and as a result jump from a low energy ‘ground state’ to some higher energy ‘excited state’. Other wavelengths are not absorbed by the sample molecule, so they pass on through.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/15%3A_Lasers_Laser_Spectroscopy_and_Photochemistry/15.02%3A_The_Dynamics_of_Transitions_can_be_Modeled_by_Rate_EquationsThis page discusses Einstein's three processes of atomic spectral line formation: spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, and absorption. It explains the behavior of atoms under radiation, focusing...This page discusses Einstein's three processes of atomic spectral line formation: spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, and absorption. It explains the behavior of atoms under radiation, focusing on the interplay of these processes, thermal equilibrium, and the influence of temperature on electron distribution. Population inversion is identified as essential for optical amplification and laser function.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.06%3A_Matter_Has_Wavelike_PropertiesThis page explores the wave-particle duality of matter, particularly through de Broglie's 1924 Ph.D. thesis, which posits that particles like electrons exhibit wave-like properties linked to their mom...This page explores the wave-particle duality of matter, particularly through de Broglie's 1924 Ph.D. thesis, which posits that particles like electrons exhibit wave-like properties linked to their momentum. His theory, originally met with skepticism, gained endorsement from Einstein and introduced the concept of the de Broglie wavelength.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.03%3A_Photoelectric_Effect_Explained_with_Quantum_HypothesisThis page discusses the photoelectric effect, highlighting the threshold frequency for electron emission and its demonstration of light's dual wave-particle nature. Einstein’s quantum theory explains ...This page discusses the photoelectric effect, highlighting the threshold frequency for electron emission and its demonstration of light's dual wave-particle nature. Einstein’s quantum theory explains the relationship between light frequency and the energy of ejected electrons, while the work function represents the energy needed to remove an electron from a metal. Initial resistance to these ideas was later overcome by Millikan's confirmation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.03%3A_Photoelectric_Effect_Explained_with_Quantum_HypothesisEinstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surfa...Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surface and emit electrons when absorbed. This theory ran contrary to the belief that electromagnetic radiation was a wave and thus it was not recognized as correct until 1916 when Robert Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Grinnell_College/CHM_364%3A_Physical_Chemistry_2_(Grinnell_College)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.03%3A_Photoelectric_Effect_Explained_with_Quantum_HypothesisEinstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surfa...Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surface and emit electrons when absorbed. This theory ran contrary to the belief that electromagnetic radiation was a wave and thus it was not recognized as correct until 1916 when Robert Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology/CHEM1130_Principles_in_Chemistry_I/4%3A_Chemical_Calculations/4.7%3A_Overview_of_SpectroscopyThe focus of this chapter is on the interaction of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation with matter. Because these techniques use optical materials to disperse and focus the radiation, they of...The focus of this chapter is on the interaction of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation with matter. Because these techniques use optical materials to disperse and focus the radiation, they often are identified as optical spectroscopies. For convenience we will use the simpler term spectroscopy in place of optical spectroscopy; however, you should understand that we are considering only a limited part of a much broader area of analytical techniques.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lebanon_Valley_College/CHM_311%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_(Lebanon_Valley_College)/01%3A_The_Path_to_Quantum_Mechanics/1.04%3A_Photoelectric_Effect_Explained_with_Quantum_HypothesisEinstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surfa...Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect made the claim that electromagnetic radiation had to be thought of as a series of particles, called photons, which collide with the electrons on the surface and emit electrons when absorbed. This theory ran contrary to the belief that electromagnetic radiation was a wave and thus it was not recognized as correct until 1916 when Robert Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_The_Dawn_of_the_Quantum_Theory/1.02%3A_Quantum_Hypothesis_Used_for_Blackbody_Radiation_LawThis page discusses Max Planck's groundbreaking work on blackbody radiation, leading to the conclusion that energy is quantized, emitted in discrete amounts known as quanta. This idea resolved the ult...This page discusses Max Planck's groundbreaking work on blackbody radiation, leading to the conclusion that energy is quantized, emitted in discrete amounts known as quanta. This idea resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe faced by classical physics and established the foundation for quantum theory.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Surface_Characterization_by_Spectroscopy_and_Microscopy/21.03%3A_Scanning_Electron_MicroscopyIn scanning electron microscopy we raster a beam of high-energy electrons over a surface using a two-dimensional grid, achieving a resolution limit of approximately 0.2 nm, or approximately 1000× bett...In scanning electron microscopy we raster a beam of high-energy electrons over a surface using a two-dimensional grid, achieving a resolution limit of approximately 0.2 nm, or approximately 1000× better than an optical microscope.
