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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/32%3A_Radiochemical_Methods/32.02%3A_InstrumentationAlpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays are measured by using the particle’s energy to produce an amplified pulse of electrical current in a detector. These pulses are counted to give ...Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays are measured by using the particle’s energy to produce an amplified pulse of electrical current in a detector. These pulses are counted to give the rate of disintegration. There are three common types of detectors: gas-filled detectors, scintillation counters, and semiconductor detectors.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_15%3A_The_Nitrogen_Family/1Group_15%3A_General_Properties_and_ReactionsThe nitrogen family includes the following compounds: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). All Group 15 elements have the electron configuration ns2np3 in their...The nitrogen family includes the following compounds: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). All Group 15 elements have the electron configuration ns2np3 in their outer shell, where n is equal to the principal quantum number. The nitrogen family is located in the p-block in Group 15, as shown below.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/15%3A_Water/15.09%3A_Strong_and_Weak_ElectrolytesThis page explains the role of sulfuric acid in car batteries as a key electrolyte that ionizes to provide power. It highlights the sealing of modern batteries to prevent acid leakage, and distinguish...This page explains the role of sulfuric acid in car batteries as a key electrolyte that ionizes to provide power. It highlights the sealing of modern batteries to prevent acid leakage, and distinguishes between strong electrolytes, which fully ionize and conduct electricity well, and weak electrolytes that only partially ionize, resulting in a mixture of ions and intact molecules.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.16%3A_IonThis page explains the northern lights, which are produced by charged particles (ions) interacting with Earth's magnetic field. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons during electron transfer, re...This page explains the northern lights, which are produced by charged particles (ions) interacting with Earth's magnetic field. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons during electron transfer, resulting in positive or negative charges. These reactive ions can combine to create neutral compounds and are influenced by magnetic fields, as illustrated by the northern lights phenomenon.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_BasesThis page examines the properties and reactions of acids and bases, detailing theories such as Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions. It explores pH, titration, and buffers, emphasizing the...This page examines the properties and reactions of acids and bases, detailing theories such as Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions. It explores pH, titration, and buffers, emphasizing their relevance in chemistry and everyday life, including health, cleaning, and environmental science. The discussion underscores the importance of these concepts in both scientific and practical applications.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/11%3A_Atomic_Mass_Spectrometry
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.12%3A_Strong_and_Weak_Acids_and_Acid_Ionization_Constant_(K_texta)This page discusses the etching of glass using hydrofluoric acid and other compounds while protecting certain areas. It explains the difference between strong and weak acids based on their ionization ...This page discusses the etching of glass using hydrofluoric acid and other compounds while protecting certain areas. It explains the difference between strong and weak acids based on their ionization in water and introduces the acid ionization constant (Ka), which indicates an acid's strength. A table compares the ionization constants of various acids, illustrating their relative strengths.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.13%3A_Strong_and_Weak_Bases_and_Base_Ionization_Constant_(left(_K_textb_right))This page discusses the heat management systems of space shuttles, which use ammonia-filled coils to dissipate heat into space. It also covers concepts related to acids and bases, explaining the compl...This page discusses the heat management systems of space shuttles, which use ammonia-filled coils to dissipate heat into space. It also covers concepts related to acids and bases, explaining the complete ionization of strong bases versus the partial ionization of weak bases, like ammonia.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.05%3A_Brnsted-Lowry_Acids_and_BasesThis page discusses the evolution of acid-base theories, starting with the Arrhenius theory, which had limitations related to solvents and non-ionizing substances. The Brønsted-Lowry theory, introduce...This page discusses the evolution of acid-base theories, starting with the Arrhenius theory, which had limitations related to solvents and non-ionizing substances. The Brønsted-Lowry theory, introduced in 1923, defined acids as hydrogen ion donors and bases as hydrogen ion acceptors, broadening the scope to include compounds like ammonia. It highlights the role of anions and molecules with lone-pair electrons in proton acceptance, enhancing the understanding of acid-base reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.5%3A_Group_17/Physical_Properties_of_the_HalogensIt can be seen that there is a regular increase in many of the properties of the halogens proceeding down group 17 from fluorine to iodine. This includes their melting points, boiling points, intensit...It can be seen that there is a regular increase in many of the properties of the halogens proceeding down group 17 from fluorine to iodine. This includes their melting points, boiling points, intensity of their color, the radius of the corresponding halide ion, and the density of the element. On the other hand, there is a regular decrease in the first ionization energy as we go down this group. As a result, there is a regular increase in the ability to form high oxidation states.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.13%3A_The_Halogens/8.13.01%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_HalogensIt can be seen that there is a regular increase in many of the properties of the halogens proceeding down group 17 from fluorine to iodine. This includes their melting points, boiling points, the inte...It can be seen that there is a regular increase in many of the properties of the halogens proceeding down group 17 from fluorine to iodine. This includes their melting points, boiling points, the intensity of their color, the radius of the corresponding halide ion, and the density of the element. On the other hand, there is a regular decrease in the first ionization energy as we go down this group. As a result, there is a regular increase in the ability to form high oxidation states.
