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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.2%3A_Group_14/General_Chemistry/Oxidation_State_Trends_in_Group_4However, down the group, there are more examples of +2 oxidation states, such as SnCl 2 , PbO, and Pb 2 + . Tin's +4 state of is still more stable than its +2 state, but for lead and heavier elements,...However, down the group, there are more examples of +2 oxidation states, such as SnCl 2 , PbO, and Pb 2 + . Tin's +4 state of is still more stable than its +2 state, but for lead and heavier elements, the +2 state is the more stable; it dominates the chemistry of lead. The relatively large increase between tin and lead is due to the greater difficulty in removing the 6s 2 pair in lead than the corresponding 5s 2 pair in tin.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Compounds/Chemical_CompoundsIn certain situations, the molecular and the empirical formula can be the same, but in other situations, the molecular formula is a multiple of the ratios of atoms indicated in the empirical formula. ...In certain situations, the molecular and the empirical formula can be the same, but in other situations, the molecular formula is a multiple of the ratios of atoms indicated in the empirical formula. Additionally, C 10 H 14 O 2 is not the only possibility of a molecular formula for this molecule; any formula with the same relative proportions of these atoms that can be simplified to a 5:7:1 ratios is a possible molecular formula for this molecule.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.01%3A_Chemical_BondThis page explains chemical bonds as attractive forces between atoms or ions formed by sharing or transferring valence electrons to achieve stability. It describes three main types: covalent bonds (el...This page explains chemical bonds as attractive forces between atoms or ions formed by sharing or transferring valence electrons to achieve stability. It describes three main types: covalent bonds (electron sharing among nonmetals), ionic bonds (formed between oppositely charged ions creating crystals), and metallic bonds (in metals where positive ions are surrounded by free-flowing valence electrons).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_BondingThis page covers the formation and behavior of molecules through chemical bonding, detailing types such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, as well as molecular shapes and properties influenced by...This page covers the formation and behavior of molecules through chemical bonding, detailing types such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, as well as molecular shapes and properties influenced by these bonds. It explains hybridization with a focus on sp3, sp, and sp2 orbitals, illustrating how carbon and other elements form various geometries and bonds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_Acid-Base_and_Donor-Acceptor_Chemistry/6.06%3A_Hard_and_Soft_Acids_and_BasesThe Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) principle is a conceptual tool in inorganic chemistry that describes the tendency of certain Lewis acids and bases to form more stable interactions based on their "hard"...The Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) principle is a conceptual tool in inorganic chemistry that describes the tendency of certain Lewis acids and bases to form more stable interactions based on their "hard" or "soft" characteristics.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Chemistry/Oxidation_State_Trends_in_Group_4This page explores the oxidation states (oxidation numbers) adopted by the Group 4 elements (carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb)). It examines the increasing tendency of t...This page explores the oxidation states (oxidation numbers) adopted by the Group 4 elements (carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb)). It examines the increasing tendency of the elements to form compounds with +2 oxidation states, particularly for tin and lead.
