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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/13%3A_Chapter_13_-_s-Block_Elements/13.9%3A_Group_2/Chemistry_of_Magnesium_(Z%3D12)Magnesium is a group two element and is the eighth most common element in the earth's crust. Magnesium is light, silvery-white, and tough. Like aluminum, it forms a thin layer around itself to help p...Magnesium is a group two element and is the eighth most common element in the earth's crust. Magnesium is light, silvery-white, and tough. Like aluminum, it forms a thin layer around itself to help prevent itself from rusting when exposed to air. Fine particles of magnesium can also catch on fire when exposed to air.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)Hydrogen is one of the most important elements in the world. It is all around us. It is a component of water (H2O), fats, petroleum, table sugar (C6H12O6), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—...Hydrogen is one of the most important elements in the world. It is all around us. It is a component of water (H2O), fats, petroleum, table sugar (C6H12O6), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—things essential to life, as we know it. This module will explore several aspects of the element and how they apply to the world.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z012_Chemistry_of_Magnesium_(Z12)Magnesium is a group two element and is the eighth most common element in the earth's crust. Magnesium is light, silvery-white, and tough. Like aluminum, it forms a thin layer around itself to help p...Magnesium is a group two element and is the eighth most common element in the earth's crust. Magnesium is light, silvery-white, and tough. Like aluminum, it forms a thin layer around itself to help prevent itself from rusting when exposed to air. Fine particles of magnesium can also catch on fire when exposed to air.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/31%3A_Solids_and_Surface_Chemistry/31.10%3A_The_Haber-Bosch_Reaction_Can_Be_Surface_CatalyzedThis page discusses the Haber-Bosch process, an industrial method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. It highlights the contributions of Karl Bosch and Fritz Haber, along with o...This page discusses the Haber-Bosch process, an industrial method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. It highlights the contributions of Karl Bosch and Fritz Haber, along with operational parameters like high pressure and intermediate temperatures. The process utilizes a catalyst and focuses on maximizing ammonia yield through recycling unreacted gases. Ongoing research aims to enhance catalysts and further comprehend the reaction's energetics.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/6.04%3A_Hydrogen_Atomic_Orbitals_Depend_upon_Three_Quantum_NumbersThis page covers wavefunctions of the hydrogen atom, highlighting the role of quantum numbers n, l, and ml in determining electron position and probability density. It discusses normaliza...This page covers wavefunctions of the hydrogen atom, highlighting the role of quantum numbers n, l, and ml in determining electron position and probability density. It discusses normalization, orthogonality, allowed values for the quantum numbers, and the radial behavior of wavefunctions related to atomic number Z.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/07%3A_Approximation_Methods/7.03%3A_Trial_Functions_Can_Be_Linear_Combinations_of_Functions_That_Also_Contain_Variational_ParametersThis page explores variational methods in quantum mechanics, particularly the construction of wavefunctions using linear combinations of basis functions. It differentiates between normal and nonlinear...This page explores variational methods in quantum mechanics, particularly the construction of wavefunctions using linear combinations of basis functions. It differentiates between normal and nonlinear variational methods, emphasizing the computational advantages of the former. The significance of adjustable zeta parameters in modeling electron interactions, especially in multi-electron atoms, is highlighted.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/18%3A_Partition_Functions_and_Ideal_Gases/18.10%3A_Ortho_and_Para_HydrogenThis page explores hydrogen's ortho and para forms, highlighting their impact on rotational states and thermodynamics, and detailing the temperature-dependent ortho-para ratio and its behavior during ...This page explores hydrogen's ortho and para forms, highlighting their impact on rotational states and thermodynamics, and detailing the temperature-dependent ortho-para ratio and its behavior during cooling. It notes the slow interconversion rates without catalysts and examines oxygen molecules' contribution to the rotational partition function, emphasizing statistical thermodynamics principles.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_in_Diatomic_Molecules/9.05%3A_Bonding_and_Antibonding_OrbitalsThis page explores the molecular orbitals of the H+ ion using the LCAO method, which includes bonding and antibonding characteristics. The bonding σ1s orbital stabilizes the sy...This page explores the molecular orbitals of the H+ ion using the LCAO method, which includes bonding and antibonding characteristics. The bonding σ1s orbital stabilizes the system through constructive interference, while the antibonding σ∗1s destabilizes it through destructive interference.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.07%3A_Conversions_Between_Moles_and_Gas_VolumeThis page explains how to calculate gas quantities in small tanks for chemical reactions, highlighting the conversion between moles and gas volume using the molar volume at STP (22.4 L per mol). It in...This page explains how to calculate gas quantities in small tanks for chemical reactions, highlighting the conversion between moles and gas volume using the molar volume at STP (22.4 L per mol). It includes examples for determining moles from volume, volume from moles, and calculating a gas's mass from its volume at STP. The page concludes with review questions to help reinforce the understanding of these conversions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.05%3A_Mass_Ratio_CalculationThis page explains the law of multiple proportions, demonstrating that compounds made from the same elements can have different mass ratios. Using copper and chlorine as an example, it calculates a 2:...This page explains the law of multiple proportions, demonstrating that compounds made from the same elements can have different mass ratios. Using copper and chlorine as an example, it calculates a 2:1 mass ratio between the metals in two compounds. The text emphasizes the significance of these ratios in understanding elemental combinations and includes review questions to enhance comprehension of the concepts discussed.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)/Hydrogen_ChlorideHydrogen chloride (HCl) is a colorless gas which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid when brought into contact with atmospheric humidity. Inhalation of the gas can cause severe burns of the nose, t...Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a colorless gas which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid when brought into contact with atmospheric humidity. Inhalation of the gas can cause severe burns of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract (which may lead to death in severe cases). The hydrogen and the chlorine atom are connected by a covalent single bond, which is highly polar, since the chlorine atom is much more electronegative than the hydrogen atom.
