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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_II_(Morsch_et_al.)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/16.00%3A_IntroductionMany other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and...Many other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions employed in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are commonly referred to as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The catalysts and co-reagents serve to generate the strong electrophilic species needed to effect the initial step of the substitution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/can/CHEM_232_-_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Puenzo)/03%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Reactions_of_Aromatic_Compounds/3.01%3A_IntroductionThe most common reaction of aromatic compounds is electrophilic aromatic substitution, in which an electrophile (E + ) reacts with an aromatic ring and substitutes for one of the hydrogens. To list th...The most common reaction of aromatic compounds is electrophilic aromatic substitution, in which an electrophile (E + ) reacts with an aromatic ring and substitutes for one of the hydrogens. To list the five most useful reactions, an aromatic ring can be substituted by a halogen (–Cl, –Br, –I), a nitro group (–NO 2 ), a sulfonic acid group (–SO 3 H), a hydroxyl group (–OH), an alkyl group (–R), or an acyl group (–COR).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(OpenStax)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/16.00%3A_Why_This_ChapterThe most common reaction of aromatic compounds is electrophilic aromatic substitution, in which an electrophile (E+) reacts with an aromatic ring and substitutes for one of the hydrogens. The reaction...The most common reaction of aromatic compounds is electrophilic aromatic substitution, in which an electrophile (E+) reacts with an aromatic ring and substitutes for one of the hydrogens. The reaction is characteristic of all aromatic rings, not just benzene and substituted benzenes. In fact, the ability of a compound to undergo electrophilic substitution is a good test of aromaticity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/16.00%3A_IntroductionMany other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and...Many other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions employed in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are commonly referred to as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The catalysts and co-reagents serve to generate the strong electrophilic species needed to effect the initial step of the substitution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.07%3A_Some_Reaction_Mechanisms_Involve_Chain_ReactionsThis page discusses the mechanism of a radical chain reaction, emphasizing initiation, propagation, and termination steps, illustrated by the reaction of hydrogen and bromine forming hydrobromic acid....This page discusses the mechanism of a radical chain reaction, emphasizing initiation, propagation, and termination steps, illustrated by the reaction of hydrogen and bromine forming hydrobromic acid. It details rate equations and utilizes the steady state approximation to derive the concentration of intermediates. The final rate expression aligns with experimental observations, validating the theoretical model.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152%3A_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/05%3A_Organic_Chemical_Reactions/5.S%3A_Organic_Chemical_Reactions_(Summary)To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the ch...To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter. This rule states that the –H bonds to carbon of the alkene with more hydrogen atoms and the –OH bonds to carbon of the alkene with more carbon groups attached. …CH 2 =CH 2 + CH 2 =CH 2 + CH 2 =CH 2 +…→…CH 2 CH 2 –CH 2 CH 2 –CH 2 CH 2 –…
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/16%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/16.01%3A_IntroductionMany other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and...Many other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions employed in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are commonly referred to as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The catalysts and co-reagents serve to generate the strong electrophilic species needed to effect the initial step of the substitution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Alberta_Augustana_Campus/AUCHE_252_-_Organic_Chemistry_II/08%3A_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitutions/8.01%3A_IntroductionMany other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and...Many other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions employed in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are commonly referred to as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The catalysts and co-reagents serve to generate the strong electrophilic species needed to effect the initial step of the substitution. C 6 H 5 SO 3 H + H 2 O
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/CHM_223_Chemistry_III%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(2024)/11%3A_Chemistry_of_Benzene_-_Electrophilic_Aromatic_Substitution/11.01%3A_IntroductionMany other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and...Many other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most useful are listed below (chlorination and bromination are the most common halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions employed in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are commonly referred to as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The catalysts and co-reagents serve to generate the strong electrophilic species needed to effect the initial step of the substitution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Alkenes_-_Reactions_and_Synthesis/8.02%3A_Halogenation_of_Alkenes_-_Addition_of_XBromine and chlorine add rapidly to alkenes to yield 1,2-dihalides, a process called halogenation. For example, nearly 50 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) are synthesized world...Bromine and chlorine add rapidly to alkenes to yield 1,2-dihalides, a process called halogenation. For example, nearly 50 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) are synthesized worldwide each year, much of it by addition of Cl2 to ethylene. The product is used both as a solvent and as starting material for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, the third most widely synthesized polymer in the world afterpolyethelyne and polypropolyne.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Reactions/Reactivity_of_Alpha_Hydrogens/Alpha_HalogenationA carbonyl containing compound with α hydrogens can undergo a substitution reaction with halogens. This reaction comes about because of the tendency of carbonyl compounds to form enolates in basic c...A carbonyl containing compound with α hydrogens can undergo a substitution reaction with halogens. This reaction comes about because of the tendency of carbonyl compounds to form enolates in basic condition and enols in acidic condition. In these cases even weak bases, such as the hydroxide anion, is sufficient enough to cause the reaction to occur because it is not necessary for a complete conversion to the enolate.
