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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Structure_and_Properties_(Tro)/01%3A_Atoms/1.03%3A_The_Scientific_Approach_to_KnowledgeThe particulate model of matter is not a clear conclusion to the casual observer of nature. While all modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, when the concept of the atom was first proposed ...The particulate model of matter is not a clear conclusion to the casual observer of nature. While all modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, when the concept of the atom was first proposed about 2,500 years ago, ancient philosophers laughed at the idea. It has always been difficult to convince people of the existence of things that are too small to see. We will spend some time considering the evidence (observations) that convince scientists of the existence of atoms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_General_Chemistry_(Malik)/01%3A_Matter_energy_and_their_measurements/1.02%3A_What_is_chemistryChemistry, i.e., a study of matter's composition, properties, and transformations are described. The scientific method comprising of observations, hypothesis, experiments, law, and theory is also desc...Chemistry, i.e., a study of matter's composition, properties, and transformations are described. The scientific method comprising of observations, hypothesis, experiments, law, and theory is also described.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.17%3A_Titration_ExperimentThis page discusses current biodiesel research that emphasizes the use of used vegetable oils, highlighting the necessity for acid content assessment prior to lye addition for biofuel production. It e...This page discusses current biodiesel research that emphasizes the use of used vegetable oils, highlighting the necessity for acid content assessment prior to lye addition for biofuel production. It explains the titration method employed to measure free acid levels, involving neutralization reactions and indicators like phenolphthalein to indicate completion. The equivalence point is reached when acid and base moles are equal, indicated by a color change in the solution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/12%3A_Stoichiometry/12.01%3A_Everyday_StoichiometryThis page explores stoichiometry through a practical ham sandwich example, detailing how to calculate ingredient requirements using balanced equations. It highlights the role of stoichiometry in deter...This page explores stoichiometry through a practical ham sandwich example, detailing how to calculate ingredient requirements using balanced equations. It highlights the role of stoichiometry in determining reactant quantities and includes a problem-solving exercise for calculating pickles needed based on available ham slices. The text encourages reader engagement by introducing a smoothie-related example to further illustrate stoichiometric principles.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.15%3A_Diffusion_and_Effusion_and_Graham's_LawThis page explains that gases are often invisible, with detection methods illustrated through an ammonia and hydrogen chloride experiment. It distinguishes between diffusion (moving from high to low c...This page explains that gases are often invisible, with detection methods illustrated through an ammonia and hydrogen chloride experiment. It distinguishes between diffusion (moving from high to low concentration) and effusion (escaping through a hole), emphasizing that both are influenced by molar mass—lighter gases move more quickly. Thomas Graham's law is introduced, highlighting that the rate of these processes inversely correlates with the square root of the gas's molar mass.
