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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.18%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_CurvesThis page discusses Mark Twain's pen name, reflecting on his background as a steamboat pilot. It explains water's state changes, detailing temperature stability during melting and boiling due to energ...This page discusses Mark Twain's pen name, reflecting on his background as a steamboat pilot. It explains water's state changes, detailing temperature stability during melting and boiling due to energy usage for phase transitions, illustrated by a heating curve.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.01%3A_Overview_of_Classical_ThermodynamicsThis page covers the contributions of James P. Joule to thermodynamics, highlighting the relationship between work, heat, and internal energy, foundational for the First Law of Thermodynamics. It also...This page covers the contributions of James P. Joule to thermodynamics, highlighting the relationship between work, heat, and internal energy, foundational for the First Law of Thermodynamics. It also explains pressure changes in ideal gases during temperature changes and volume expansions, noting pressure's status as a state variable.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.18%3A_Recognizing_Chemical_ReactionsThis page discusses the process of making pizza, emphasizing the visual cues for readiness, such as a light brown crust and melted cheese. It also outlines key indicators of chemical reactions, includ...This page discusses the process of making pizza, emphasizing the visual cues for readiness, such as a light brown crust and melted cheese. It also outlines key indicators of chemical reactions, including color changes, gas production, precipitate formation, and energy transfer. Examples include heating mercury(II) oxide, zinc reacting with hydrochloric acid, and the reaction between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.03%3A_Work_and_Heat_are_not_State_FunctionsThis page discusses how heat and work are path functions dependent on the process used. In piston compression and expansion, irreversible paths require more work than reversible ones due to imbalance ...This page discusses how heat and work are path functions dependent on the process used. In piston compression and expansion, irreversible paths require more work than reversible ones due to imbalance in pressures. The page illustrates these concepts through isothermal processes, highlighting the differences in work for both compression and expansion. Reversible processes are ultimately shown to represent the minimum or maximum work that can be achieved in these scenarios.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.04%3A_Energy_is_a_State_FunctionThis page explains that work and heat are not state functions, while internal energy is. It describes the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy (ΔU) equals t...This page explains that work and heat are not state functions, while internal energy is. It describes the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the change in internal energy (ΔU) equals the sum of work (w) and heat (q). Unlike work and heat, which are path-dependent, the change in internal energy depends solely on initial and final states. This leads to the conclusion that internal energy is conserved over cycles, reinforcing its classification as a state function.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.01%3A_Overview_of_SpectroscopyThis chapter explores the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, particularly in the context of spectroscopy. It covers the principles of spectroscopy using ultraviolet, visible, and in...This chapter explores the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, particularly in the context of spectroscopy. It covers the principles of spectroscopy using ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation. The chapter explains the wave and particle nature of electromagnetic radiation, highlighting its fundamental properties and explaining how matter absorbs or emits photons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.03%3A_Exothermic_and_Endothermic_ProcessesThis page outlines basic thermochemistry principles using a campfire analogy. It explains exothermic and endothermic processes, emphasizing energy conservation during changes. The system represents th...This page outlines basic thermochemistry principles using a campfire analogy. It explains exothermic and endothermic processes, emphasizing energy conservation during changes. The system represents the matter studied, while the surroundings include everything else. Endothermic processes absorb heat, lowering surrounding temperatures; exothermic processes release heat, raising them.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_Introduction/1.02%3A_Types_of_Instrumental_MethodsIt is useful to organize instrumental methods of analysis into groups based on the chemical or physical properties that we use to generate a signal that we can measure and relate to the analyte of int...It is useful to organize instrumental methods of analysis into groups based on the chemical or physical properties that we use to generate a signal that we can measure and relate to the analyte of interest to us.
