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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/23%3A_Electrochemistry/23.04%3A_Electrical_PotentialThis page explains how a voltmeter measures electric current indirectly through established galvanometer principles. It discusses electrical potential in voltaic cells, emphasizing that it's measured ...This page explains how a voltmeter measures electric current indirectly through established galvanometer principles. It discusses electrical potential in voltaic cells, emphasizing that it's measured in volts and depends on half-cell differences. A complete redox reaction, illustrated by a zinc-copper cell, determines this potential, with copper ions being reduced due to their higher reduction potential compared to zinc.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/23%3A_Electrochemistry/23.07%3A_BatteriesThis page discusses the invention of the first voltaic cell by Alessandro Volta in 1800, which used zinc and silver disks. It outlines modern battery types, including dry cells used in devices like fl...This page discusses the invention of the first voltaic cell by Alessandro Volta in 1800, which used zinc and silver disks. It outlines modern battery types, including dry cells used in devices like flashlights, and alkaline batteries, which have a longer shelf life. It also describes lead storage batteries, commonly used in vehicles, that consist of six cells and are rechargeable, emphasizing their chemical reactions and potential inefficiencies over time.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.09%3A_ProtonsThis page explores the difficulties scientists encounter when explaining invisible entities like atoms versus visible objects. It covers the discovery of electrons via cathode rays and Eugene Goldstei...This page explores the difficulties scientists encounter when explaining invisible entities like atoms versus visible objects. It covers the discovery of electrons via cathode rays and Eugene Goldstein's identification of protons in cathode ray tubes. The text underscores the relationship between protons and electrons in hydrogen atoms and the importance of cumulative research in advancing scientific knowledge of atomic structures.
