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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.2%3A_Group_14/General_Chemistry/Oxidation_State_Trends_in_Group_4However, down the group, there are more examples of +2 oxidation states, such as SnCl 2 , PbO, and Pb 2 + . Tin's +4 state of is still more stable than its +2 state, but for lead and heavier elements,...However, down the group, there are more examples of +2 oxidation states, such as SnCl 2 , PbO, and Pb 2 + . Tin's +4 state of is still more stable than its +2 state, but for lead and heavier elements, the +2 state is the more stable; it dominates the chemistry of lead. The relatively large increase between tin and lead is due to the greater difficulty in removing the 6s 2 pair in lead than the corresponding 5s 2 pair in tin.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family_(The_Chalcogens)/1Group_16%3A_General_Properties_and_ReactionsThe oxygen family, also called the chalcogens, consists of the elements found in Group 16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements. It consists of the elements oxygen, sul...The oxygen family, also called the chalcogens, consists of the elements found in Group 16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements. It consists of the elements oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium. These can be found in nature in both free and combined states. The group 16 elements are intimately related to life.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_in_Diatomic_Molecules/9.10%3A_Molecular_Orbital_Theory_Predicts_that_Molecular_Oxygen_is_ParamagneticThis page explores the relationship between bond order, bond length, and bond energy in diatomic molecules, using molecular oxygen (O2) as an example to illustrate its paramagnetic behavior l...This page explores the relationship between bond order, bond length, and bond energy in diatomic molecules, using molecular oxygen (O2) as an example to illustrate its paramagnetic behavior linked to molecular orbital theory. It highlights the significance of unpaired electrons in O2 and how this affects reactions with organic compounds due to a spin barrier.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.21%3A_Valence_Bond_TheoryThis page covers valence bond theory, detailing how covalent bonds arise from the overlap of atomic orbitals as atoms approach each other, leading to stable bonds at specific distances. It uses exampl...This page covers valence bond theory, detailing how covalent bonds arise from the overlap of atomic orbitals as atoms approach each other, leading to stable bonds at specific distances. It uses examples like H2 and F2 to illustrate key concepts. Review questions focus on electron positions in orbitals, covalent bond formation, and the necessity of overlapping orbitals being of the same type.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.01%3A_Chemical_BondThis page explains chemical bonds as attractive forces between atoms or ions formed by sharing or transferring valence electrons to achieve stability. It describes three main types: covalent bonds (el...This page explains chemical bonds as attractive forces between atoms or ions formed by sharing or transferring valence electrons to achieve stability. It describes three main types: covalent bonds (electron sharing among nonmetals), ionic bonds (formed between oppositely charged ions creating crystals), and metallic bonds (in metals where positive ions are surrounded by free-flowing valence electrons).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.05%3A_Lewis_Electron-Dot_StructuresThis page explains cholesterol's molecular structure (C27H46O) and its detailed atomic arrangement. It describes how Lewis electron-dot structures represent valence electrons and covalent bonds throug...This page explains cholesterol's molecular structure (C27H46O) and its detailed atomic arrangement. It describes how Lewis electron-dot structures represent valence electrons and covalent bonds through shared pairs. The concept of the octet rule is introduced, emphasizing that atoms share electrons for stability, with hydrogen forming H2 to resemble helium. Other atoms also share electrons to achieve a complete set of eight valence electrons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.04%3A_Energy_and_Covalent_Bond_FormationThis page discusses the bonding differences between BeCl2 and LiCl, highlighting that LiCl forms ionic bonds while BeCl2 involves covalent bonds. It also covers the nature of molecular compounds, whic...This page discusses the bonding differences between BeCl2 and LiCl, highlighting that LiCl forms ionic bonds while BeCl2 involves covalent bonds. It also covers the nature of molecular compounds, which are nonmetals that achieve stability by bonding and lowering potential energy. The page explains how atoms such as hydrogen stabilize through shared electrons, achieving ideal bond distances at minimum potential energy.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.4%3A_Group_16/General_Properties_and_ReactionsThe oxygen family, also called the chalcogens, consists of the elements found in Group 16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements. It consists of the elements oxygen, sul...The oxygen family, also called the chalcogens, consists of the elements found in Group 16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements. It consists of the elements oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium. These can be found in nature in both free and combined states. The group 16 elements are intimately related to life.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_ChemistryThis page discusses organic chemistry, focusing on carbon-based compounds characterized by unique bonding properties. It covers categories such as hydrocarbons, isomers, and functional groups while hi...This page discusses organic chemistry, focusing on carbon-based compounds characterized by unique bonding properties. It covers categories such as hydrocarbons, isomers, and functional groups while highlighting applications in fuels, perfumes, and polymers. Key topics include structural isomers and various chemical reactions, as well as the relevance of compounds like CFCs.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.07%3A_Multiple_Covalent_BondsThis page outlines the process of managing leftover electrons in Lewis structures for covalent compounds and the necessity of double and triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule. It uses ethene (\(\ce{C...This page outlines the process of managing leftover electrons in Lewis structures for covalent compounds and the necessity of double and triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule. It uses ethene (C2H4) as an example of double bonding and nitrogen (N2) for triple bonding. The text concludes with a summary of these bonding types and includes review questions for further understanding.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/07%3A_Chemical_Nomenclature/7.11%3A_Binary_Molecular_Compounds%3A_Naming_and_FormulasThis page covers royal family naming conventions, noting the tradition of naming children after parents with numerical suffixes. It then contrasts ionic and molecular compounds, emphasizing that molec...This page covers royal family naming conventions, noting the tradition of naming children after parents with numerical suffixes. It then contrasts ionic and molecular compounds, emphasizing that molecular compounds are formed by discrete molecules through covalent bonds. The text details the use of prefixes for indicating the number of atoms in binary molecular compounds, along with guidelines and examples for proper nomenclature.
