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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.16%3A_Countercurrent_SeparationsIn 1949, Lyman Craig improved the separation of analytes with similar distribution ratios through countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction, offering a foundational understanding of chromatographic sepa...In 1949, Lyman Craig improved the separation of analytes with similar distribution ratios through countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction, offering a foundational understanding of chromatographic separations. Unlike sequential extractions, countercurrent extraction involves serial extraction of both sample and extracting phases. While outdated due to chromotography's efficiency, it remains instructive theoretically.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods/12.01%3A_Overview_of_Analytical_SeparationsThe text discusses methods for separating analytes from interferents, focusing on liquid-liquid extractions and chromatography. Liquid-liquid extractions involve partitioning solutes between two immis...The text discusses methods for separating analytes from interferents, focusing on liquid-liquid extractions and chromatography. Liquid-liquid extractions involve partitioning solutes between two immiscible phases, but face limitations, such as the need for multiple extractions and difficulty separating species with similar distribution ratios. A countercurrent extraction can improve separation efficiency.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_Trade_Technical_College/Analytical_Chemistry/2%3A_Analytical_Chemistry_2.0_(Harvey)/13%3A_Chromatographic/13.1%3A_Overview_of_Analytical_SeparationsDespite the power of liquid–liquid extractions, there are significant limitations. If we have several analytes, we may need to complete a separate extraction for each analyte. A more significant limit...Despite the power of liquid–liquid extractions, there are significant limitations. If we have several analytes, we may need to complete a separate extraction for each analyte. A more significant limitation is that the extent of a separation depends on the distribution ratio of each species in the sample. Other important separations include chromatographic separations and electrophoretic separations.
