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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_Acid-Base_and_Donor-Acceptor_Chemistry/6.04%3A_Lewis_Concept_and_Frontier_OrbitalsThe Lewis acid-base concept describes acid-base reactions in terms of electron pair donation and acceptance. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors, while Lewis bases are donors. This concept explain...The Lewis acid-base concept describes acid-base reactions in terms of electron pair donation and acceptance. Lewis acids are electron pair acceptors, while Lewis bases are donors. This concept explains reactions like the classic example between borane \(BH_3\) and \(NH_3\), resulting in a coordinate covalent bond. The Usanovich acid-base concept extends this by including oxidation-reduction reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Surface_Characterization_by_Spectroscopy_and_Microscopy/21.01%3A_Introduction_to_the_Study_of_SurfacesThus far we have considered methods for analyzing the bulk properties of samples, such as determining the identity or concentration of an ion in a solution, of a molecule in a gas, or of several eleme...Thus far we have considered methods for analyzing the bulk properties of samples, such as determining the identity or concentration of an ion in a solution, of a molecule in a gas, or of several elements in a solid. In do so, we did not concern ourselves with the sample's homogeneity or heterogeneity, which may vary along any of the x,y,z-axes. In this chapter we give consideration to the composition of a sample's surface.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.07%3A_Solving_Equilibrium_ProblemsThis page discusses using ladder diagrams and algebraic solutions to evaluate and solve equilibrium problems related to chemical reactivity and solubility. It begins with a straightforward example of ...This page discusses using ladder diagrams and algebraic solutions to evaluate and solve equilibrium problems related to chemical reactivity and solubility. It begins with a straightforward example of calculating the solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in deionized water and proceeds to more complex scenarios considering the common ion effect and the presence of ligands.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/California_Polytechnic_State_University_San_Luis_Obispo/Survey_of_Biochemistry_and_Biotechnology/01%3A_Chemical_and_Biological_Foundations/1.02%3A__Atoms_Ions_MoleculesAt its most fundamental level, life is made up of matter. Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass. Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties t...At its most fundamental level, life is made up of matter. Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass. Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There are 118 elements, but only 92 occur naturally. The remaining elements are synthesized in laboratories and are unstable.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.01%3A_Reversible_Reactions_and_Chemical_EquilibriaIn 1798, chemist Claude Berthollet observed Na2CO3 deposits at Egypt's Natron Lakes, which contradicted existing chemical theory based on elective affinities that dictated reactions proceed in one dir...In 1798, chemist Claude Berthollet observed Na2CO3 deposits at Egypt's Natron Lakes, which contradicted existing chemical theory based on elective affinities that dictated reactions proceed in one direction only. Berthollet's insight into the reversibility of reactions, exemplified by the formation of Na2CO3 using CaCO3 and NaCl, contributed to the understanding of chemical equilibrium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/1Group_13%3A_Chemical_ReactivityThe boron family contains the semi-metal boron (B) and metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.14%3A_Chapter_Summary_and_Key_TermsThe chapter discusses analytical chemistry as the application of chemistry to analyze samples, focusing on using chemical reactivity to dissolve samples, separate analytes, transform analytes, or prov...The chapter discusses analytical chemistry as the application of chemistry to analyze samples, focusing on using chemical reactivity to dissolve samples, separate analytes, transform analytes, or provide a signal. Key reactions include precipitation, acid-base, metal-ligand complexation, and oxidation-reduction. It also covers equilibrium concepts, such as Le Ch??telier's principle, and solutions like buffers, using equilibrium constants, ladder diagrams, and activity coefficients.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.01%3A_Organic_ChemistryThis page discusses the vast number of known organic compounds, currently around 20 million and continually increasing. It defines organic compounds as carbon-based substances (excluding carbonates an...This page discusses the vast number of known organic compounds, currently around 20 million and continually increasing. It defines organic compounds as carbon-based substances (excluding carbonates and oxides) with intricate structures, highlighting carbon's unique bonding abilities. The page outlines the field of organic chemistry, which studies these compounds, and its intersection with biochemistry, which examines the chemistry of living systems, particularly biochemical compounds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.1%3A_Group_13/Chemical_ReactivityThe boron family contains the semi-metal boron (B) and metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_The_Hydrogen_Atom/6.05%3A_s-orbitals_are_Spherically_SymmetricThis page discusses hydrogen atom wavefunctions, highlighting atomic orbitals like the 1s and 2s. It explains how quantum numbers determine the number of orbitals and their charge distributions, which...This page discusses hydrogen atom wavefunctions, highlighting atomic orbitals like the 1s and 2s. It explains how quantum numbers determine the number of orbitals and their charge distributions, which influence chemical reactivity. Concepts such as radial wavefunctions, radial nodes, and radial distribution functions (RDF) illustrate electron charge distribution and its probability around the nucleus.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_Acid-Base_and_Donor-Acceptor_Chemistry/6.01%3A_Acid-Base_Models_as_Organizing_ConceptsThis page discusses various acid-base concepts in chemistry, emphasizing that the choice between them depends on convenience in specific situations, rather than correctness. It highlights different mo...This page discusses various acid-base concepts in chemistry, emphasizing that the choice between them depends on convenience in specific situations, rather than correctness. It highlights different models such as Arrhenius, Br??nsted-Lowry, Lux-Flood, Lewis, and more, explaining their theoretical paradigms and applications to different chemical reactions.
