Search
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/Chem_4B%3A_General_Chemistry_for_Majors_II_(Larsen)/Chem_4B_Textbook/Unit_II%3A_Physical_Equilibria/IV%3A_Solutions/4.5%3A_Separating_Volatile_Solutions_-_DistillationDistillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components ...Distillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components to be separated, let's first consider the vapor pressure vs. composition plots for a hypothetical mixture at some arbitrary temperature at which both liquid and gas phases can exist, depending on the total pressure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.02%3A_How_do_we_know_when_an_Organic_Compounds_is_PureThe classical criteria for determining the purity of organic compounds are correct elemental compositions and sharpness of melting point or constancy of boiling point. Important though these analytica...The classical criteria for determining the purity of organic compounds are correct elemental compositions and sharpness of melting point or constancy of boiling point. Important though these analytical and physical criteria are, they can be misleading or even useless. For instance, the analytical criterion is of no help with possible mixtures of isomers because these mixtures have the same elemental composition.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.09%3A_Gibbs_Energy_of_Mixing_of_Binary_Solutions_in_Terms_of_the_Activity_CoefficientThis page outlines activity and activity coefficients in non-ideal solutions, detailing their connection to mole fractions and Gibbs free energy changes. It discusses azeotropes, eutectics, and the im...This page outlines activity and activity coefficients in non-ideal solutions, detailing their connection to mole fractions and Gibbs free energy changes. It discusses azeotropes, eutectics, and the impact of pressure on boiling points, emphasizing that lower pressures can lead to early boiling of mixtures. As temperature increases, mutual solubility improves until reaching the eutectic point, where distinct boiling behaviors occur.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.06%3A_Vapor_Pressures_of_Volatile_Binary_SolutionsThis page discusses various laws and concepts relevant to solutions: Raoult’s Law applies to ideal volatile solutions, while Henry's Law addresses gas solubility deviations. Azeotropes feature constan...This page discusses various laws and concepts relevant to solutions: Raoult’s Law applies to ideal volatile solutions, while Henry's Law addresses gas solubility deviations. Azeotropes feature constant vapor-liquid ratios, complicating distillation. The Gibbs-Duhem relation illustrates component interactions in non-ideal solutions, linking Raoult's and Henry's Laws. Additionally, Margules functions approximate non-ideality across compositions, needing experimental data for precision.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.08%3A_Non-ideality_-_Henry's_Law_and_AzeotropesThe page discusses the behaviors of ideal solutions of volatile compounds that obey Raoult's Law and how Henry's Law can describe deviations. It features an example calculating the Henry's Law constan...The page discusses the behaviors of ideal solutions of volatile compounds that obey Raoult's Law and how Henry's Law can describe deviations. It features an example calculating the Henry's Law constant for the solubility of CO2 in water. The page also covers azeotropes, explaining their characteristics and phase diagrams, which represent maximum and minimum boiling points. It includes examples and solutions to illustrate these concepts and their implications in phases and compositions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/01%3A_Physical_Equilibrium/1.06%3A_DistillationDistillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components ...Distillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components to be separated, let's first consider the vapor pressure vs. composition plots for a hypothetical mixture at some arbitrary temperature at which both liquid and gas phases can exist, depending on the total pressure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/AzeotropesAn azeotrope is a mixture that exhibits the same concentration in the vapor phase and the liquid phase. This is in contrast to ideal solutions with one component typically more volatile than the other...An azeotrope is a mixture that exhibits the same concentration in the vapor phase and the liquid phase. This is in contrast to ideal solutions with one component typically more volatile than the other; this is how we use distillation to separate materials. If the mixture forms an azeotrope, the vapor and the liquid concentrations are the same, which preventing separation via this approach.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_(Lower)/08%3A_Solutions/8.09%3A_DistillationDistillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components ...Distillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components to be separated, let's first consider the vapor pressure vs. composition plots for a hypothetical mixture at some arbitrary temperature at which both liquid and gas phases can exist, depending on the total pressure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_SolutesThis page discusses the principles of mixtures, focusing on partial molar quantities and the Gibbs-Duhem equation to relate chemical potential and composition in equilibrium, particularly for binary s...This page discusses the principles of mixtures, focusing on partial molar quantities and the Gibbs-Duhem equation to relate chemical potential and composition in equilibrium, particularly for binary systems. It emphasizes chemical potential's role in determining equilibrium direction and includes Raoult's Law for ideal solutions.
