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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Cisplatin__The_Invention_of_an_Anticancer_Drug/Cisplatin_4._ElectrochemistryAs stated above, we are really more interested in the reverse reaction, the oxidation of Pt 0 to Pt 2 + . The standard cell potential for the oxidation reaction has the same value but the opposite sig...As stated above, we are really more interested in the reverse reaction, the oxidation of Pt 0 to Pt 2 + . The standard cell potential for the oxidation reaction has the same value but the opposite sign as that for the reduction reaction: We will see that the cell potential is related both to the reaction free energy, which tells us whether or not the reaction is spontaneous, and to the equilibrium constant for the reaction, which tells us the extent of the reaction at equilibrium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Nutrasweet/3%3A_NutraSweet%3A_Food_AdditivesFor example, the Federal Aviation Administration regulates the aviation industry, the Agricultural Department has responsibilities for the quality of meat and other agricultural products that we consu...For example, the Federal Aviation Administration regulates the aviation industry, the Agricultural Department has responsibilities for the quality of meat and other agricultural products that we consume, the Environmental Protection Agency tackles issues of environmental concern, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration oversees workplace health and safety, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the drugs, food additives, medical devices, etc., that are presented for use.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Cisplatin__The_Invention_of_an_Anticancer_Drug/Cisplatin_x20._Other_Treatments_for_CancerWe have spent a lot of time discussing cisplatin: from its serendipitous discovery to its use as a chemotherapeutic agent to combat certain forms of cancer. In this module, we will discuss some other ...We have spent a lot of time discussing cisplatin: from its serendipitous discovery to its use as a chemotherapeutic agent to combat certain forms of cancer. In this module, we will discuss some other treatments for cancer and describe how cisplatin and chemotherapy in general fit into the big picture.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/TetraethylleadAutomotive fuels derived from petroleum propel our cars by converting the energy of combustion to heat and work. The challenge for an efficient, powerful engine is to maximize the work available. The ...Automotive fuels derived from petroleum propel our cars by converting the energy of combustion to heat and work. The challenge for an efficient, powerful engine is to maximize the work available. The second law of thermodynamics teaches this can be done by designing engines with high compression ratios. However, problems of uneven fuel combustion and knocking must be overcome through fuel reformulation or by finding an appropriate additive.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Tetraethyllead/10%3A_Removal_of_LeadIn chemistry we relate macroscopic, observable change to transformations at the molecular level that go unseen through the shorthand of symbolic representation. For the most part, we are comforted by ...In chemistry we relate macroscopic, observable change to transformations at the molecular level that go unseen through the shorthand of symbolic representation. For the most part, we are comforted by the fact that we can at least observe the macroscopic. Here is a wonderful representation of the way chemical reactions take place that may help you understand chemical kinetics and thermodynamics.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Nuclear_Energy_for_Today's_World/04._The_Discovery_of_Fission_(1938)From 1935-1938, Hahn, Strassmann, and Meitner in Germany identified at least 10 radioactive products resulting from the neutron bombardment of uranium, many more than Fermi’s group in Italy had observ...From 1935-1938, Hahn, Strassmann, and Meitner in Germany identified at least 10 radioactive products resulting from the neutron bombardment of uranium, many more than Fermi’s group in Italy had observed initially. They assumed that these substances were new transuranic elements or isotopes of uranium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Nuclear_Energy_for_Today's_World/10%3A_Nuclear_ReactorsToday many nations are considering an expanded role for nuclear power in their energy portfolios. This expansion is driven by concerns about global warming, growth in energy demand, and relative costs...Today many nations are considering an expanded role for nuclear power in their energy portfolios. This expansion is driven by concerns about global warming, growth in energy demand, and relative costs of alternative energy sources.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Heat_and_Chemical_Resistant_Silicone_Rubber/Silicones_6._(CH3)2SiCl2/Silicones_6a._Thermodynamics_and_the_Preparation_of_SiliconWe learned in thermodynamics that the universe seems to want to go to a disordered state of what we called high entropy. But we learned in thermodynamics that if a process had high positive enthalpy -...We learned in thermodynamics that the universe seems to want to go to a disordered state of what we called high entropy. But we learned in thermodynamics that if a process had high positive enthalpy - was not spontaneous at room temperature, we could only make the process go forward if the entropy was positive and we raised the temperature. Thus the silicon is certain to be contaminated with the two other solid materials, sand and carbon.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Heat_and_Chemical_Resistant_Silicone_Rubber/Silicones_7%3A_Polymer_Chemistry_Thermochemistry_and_KineticsYou may recall from your studies of carbon-based materials, that segment of chemistry we call organic chemistry, the term polymers. Polymers are giant molecules, long sequences of chemical units bonde...You may recall from your studies of carbon-based materials, that segment of chemistry we call organic chemistry, the term polymers. Polymers are giant molecules, long sequences of chemical units bonded together. Some polymers are natural in origin.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Cisplatin__The_Invention_of_an_Anticancer_Drug/Cisplatin_x19._CancerInterphase typically makes up 90 percent or more of the total cell cycle time and comprises three phases of the cell cycle: a gap phase (G1), in which the cells resume the biosynthetic activity which ...Interphase typically makes up 90 percent or more of the total cell cycle time and comprises three phases of the cell cycle: a gap phase (G1), in which the cells resume the biosynthetic activity which has been dormant during mitosis; a synthesis phase (S), in which the DNA content of the cell is doubled and the chromosomes are replicated; and a second gap phase (G2).2,4,5
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Exemplars_and_Case_Studies/Case_Studies/Nutrasweet/1F%3A_Nutrasweet%3A_Sweeteners_-_IIDepending upon whether aspartame is written as the zwitterion or as the unchanged amino acid, the A-H site is either the –COOH or the –NH 3 + group or, perhaps, the N-H of the amide; the B site is the...Depending upon whether aspartame is written as the zwitterion or as the unchanged amino acid, the A-H site is either the –COOH or the –NH 3 + group or, perhaps, the N-H of the amide; the B site is the –COO - or –NH 2 ; the G region is either or both the phenyl and the –COOCH 3 ester group.
