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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/04%3A_Putting_the_First_Law_to_Work/4.05%3A_The_Joule-Thomson_EffectThe page explains the Joule-Thomson experiment and its significance in understanding gas cooling during expansion, which influenced refrigerator design. It also details how not all gases cool upon exp...The page explains the Joule-Thomson experiment and its significance in understanding gas cooling during expansion, which influenced refrigerator design. It also details how not all gases cool upon expansion, like hydrogen and helium, which can warm up. The Joule-Thomson coefficient (\(\mu_{JT}\)) determines this temperature change, generally calculated through the change of properties like pressure and enthalpy.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/35%3A_Appendicies/35.03%3A_Critical_Values_for_t-TestIn the first approach we choose a value of \(\alpha\) for rejecting the null hypothesis and read the value of \(t(\alpha,\nu)\) from the table below. In the second approach, we find the row in the tab...In the first approach we choose a value of \(\alpha\) for rejecting the null hypothesis and read the value of \(t(\alpha,\nu)\) from the table below. In the second approach, we find the row in the table below that corresponds to the available degrees of freedom and move across the row to find (or estimate) the a that corresponds to \(t_\text{exp} = t(\alpha,\nu)\); this establishes largest value of \(\alpha\) for which we can retain the null hypothesis.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/32%3A_Radiochemical_MethodsRadiochemical methods of analysis take advantage of the instability of some elemental isotopes, which decay through the release of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and/or X-rays, provide f...Radiochemical methods of analysis take advantage of the instability of some elemental isotopes, which decay through the release of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and/or X-rays, provide for a selective analysis for one analyte in a complex mixture of other species without the need for a prior separation. In this chapter we review the basics of radioactive decay and its direct application to samples, and two other methods of importance: neutron activation and isotope dilution.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)/11%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/11.1%3A_RadioactivityCertain elements spontaneously produced a variety of particles. The three basic classes of particles were identified as “alpha”, “beta”, and “gamma” particles. Alpha particles were positive, relativel...Certain elements spontaneously produced a variety of particles. The three basic classes of particles were identified as “alpha”, “beta”, and “gamma” particles. Alpha particles were positive, relatively massive and were showed to be identical to the nucleus of the helium atom. Beta particles had a very small mass and were of higher energy and they carried a negative charge. Gamma particles were much more energetic, appeared to be neutral and were comparable to a high-energy photon of light.
