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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/Chem_110B%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II/Text/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13-01._Different_Regions_of_the_Electromagnetic_Spectrum_Are_Used_to_Investigate_Different_Molecular_ProcessesElectromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when...Electromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when it passes from one medium to another are explained best by describing light as a wave. Other properties, such as absorption and emission, are better described by treating light as a particle.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Colorado_State_University/Chem_476%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II_(Levinger)/Chapters/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13-02._Rotational_Transitions_Accompany_Vibrational_Transitionsthe rotational quantum number in the ground state is the same as the rotational quantum number in the excited state – Q branch (simple, the letter between P and R). If we represent the population of t...the rotational quantum number in the ground state is the same as the rotational quantum number in the excited state – Q branch (simple, the letter between P and R). If we represent the population of the Jth upper level as N J and the population of the lower state as N 0 , we can find the population of the upper state relative to the lower state using the Boltzmann distribution:
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Colorado_State_University/Chem_476%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II_(Levinger)/Chapters/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13-01._Different_Regions_of_the_Electromagnetic_Spectrum_Are_Used_to_Investigate_Different_Molecular_Processeswhere A t is the magnitude of the electric field at time t, A e is the electric field’s maximum amplitude, ν is the wave’s frequency—the number of oscillations in the electric field per unit time—and ...where A t is the magnitude of the electric field at time t, A e is the electric field’s maximum amplitude, ν is the wave’s frequency—the number of oscillations in the electric field per unit time—and ϕ is a phase angle, which accounts for the fact that A t need not have a value of zero at t = 0.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Knox_College/Chem_322%3A_Physical_Chemisty_II/07%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/7.01%3A_The_Electromagnetic_SpectrumElectromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when...Electromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when it passes from one medium to another are explained best by describing light as a wave. Other properties, such as absorption and emission, are better described by treating light as a particle.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lebanon_Valley_College/CHM_311%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_(Lebanon_Valley_College)/09%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/9.01%3A_The_Electromagnetic_SpectrumElectromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when...Electromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when it passes from one medium to another are explained best by describing light as a wave. Other properties, such as absorption and emission, are better described by treating light as a particle.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13.E%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy_(Exercises)These are exercises for Chapter 13 of the McQuarrie and Simon Textmap for Physical Chemistry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Z004_Chemistry_of_Beryllium_(Z4)/Some_Atypical_Properties_of_Beryllium_CompoundsThis page discusses three examples of beryllium behaving differently from the rest of Group 2. In fact, there are several similarities between beryllium and aluminum in Group 3. Contributors and Attri...This page discusses three examples of beryllium behaving differently from the rest of Group 2. In fact, there are several similarities between beryllium and aluminum in Group 3. Contributors and Attributions Jim Clark (Chemguide.co.uk)
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/BethuneCookman_University/BCU%3A_CH_332_Physical_Chemistry_II/Text/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13-05._Overtones_Are_Observed_in_Vibrational_SpectraAlthough the harmonic oscillator proves useful at lower energy levels, like n=1, it fails at higher numbers of n, failing not only to properly model atomic bonds and dissociations, but also unable to ...Although the harmonic oscillator proves useful at lower energy levels, like n=1, it fails at higher numbers of n, failing not only to properly model atomic bonds and dissociations, but also unable to match spectra showing additional lines than is accounted for in the harmonic oscillator model.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13.03%3A_Unequal_Spacings_in_Vibration-Rotation_SpectraAs molecules are excited to higher rotational energies they spin at a faster rate. The faster rate of spin increases the centrifugal force pushing outward on the molecules resulting in a longer averag...As molecules are excited to higher rotational energies they spin at a faster rate. The faster rate of spin increases the centrifugal force pushing outward on the molecules resulting in a longer average bond length. Looking back, B and l are inversely related. Therefore the addition of centrifugal distortion at higher rotational levels decreases the spacing between rotational levels.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/Chem_110B%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II/Text/13%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/13-03._Vibration-Rotation_Interaction_Accounts_for_the_Unequal_Spacing_of_the_Lines_in_the_P_and_R_Branches_of_a_Vibration-Rotation_SpectrumVibration-rotation interaction describes the inversely proportional relationship of the rotational constant and the vibrational state. The rotational constants decrease as the vibrational states incre...Vibration-rotation interaction describes the inversely proportional relationship of the rotational constant and the vibrational state. The rotational constants decrease as the vibrational states increase, and their interaction influences the frequencies at where the lines of R and P branches occurred. This effect can be observed well on a rotational-vibrational spectrum, and the vibration-rotation relationship also has its own mathematical form.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Grinnell_College/CHM_364%3A_Physical_Chemistry_2_(Grinnell_College)/12%3A_Molecular_Spectroscopy/12.01%3A_The_Electromagnetic_SpectrumElectromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when...Electromagnetic radiation—light—is a form of energy whose behavior is described by the properties of both waves and particles. Some properties of electromagnetic radiation, such as its refraction when it passes from one medium to another are explained best by describing light as a wave. Other properties, such as absorption and emission, are better described by treating light as a particle.
