7.1: What are carbohydrates
- Page ID
- 460735
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- Define carbohydrates, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and write their general formulas.
- Draw and interpret fisher projections of monosaccharides.
What are carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are primary energy storage compounds, e.g., glucose (\(\ce{C6H12O6}\)) synthesized by using carbon dioxide (\(\ce{CO2}\)) from the air, water (\(\ce{H2O}\)) from the soil, and energy from sunlight, along with the release of oxygen (\(\ce{O2}\)), as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\).
Oxidation of carbohydrates, e.g., the reverse of the photosynthesis reaction, release energy that plant and animals use for activities. Carbohydrates are the support structure material in plants, e.g., cell-wall and wood, shell material of crustaceans, and connective tissues in animals.
Glucose is a polyhydroxy aldehyde, and fructose, i.e., another carbohydrate found in honey, is a polyhydroxy ketone, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or other compounds that hydrolyze to polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones.
The general formula of simple carbohydrates is \(\ce{C_{n}H_{2n}O_{n}}\), which can also be written as \(\ce{C_{n}.(H2O)_{n}}\) which is the origin of the name carbohydrates, i.e., hydrates of carbon.
Fisher projections are two-dimensional representations of molecules for showing the configuration of chiral centers:
- the chiral center is in the plane of the page,
- horizontal lines represent bonds projecting toward the viewers,
- and vertical lines represent bonds projecting away from the viewer.
- The parent \(\ce{C}\) chain is placed on the vertical line, with the most oxidized \(\ce{C}\), i.e., the \(\ce{C=O}\) in carbohydrates, at the top or near the top end, and the numbering starts from the top most \(\ce{C}\), as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).
(a)
(b)Monosaccharides and polysaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that can not be hydrolyzed to more simple ones are called monosaccharides. For example, D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-threose shown in previous figures are monosaccharides.
Linear or branched chain polymers comprised of monosaccharide repeat units (monomers) are called polysaccharides. For example, starch is a polysaccharide with a D-glucose monomer, illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\).
Polysaccharides hydrolyze to monosaccharides, as illustrated in the following general hydrolysis reaction.
