Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to
- write equations to illustrate the synthesis of amines by
- reduction of nitriles or amides and nitro compounds.
- reactions involving alkyl groups:
- SN2 reactions of alkyl halides, ammonia and other amines.
- nucleophilic attack by an azide ion on an alkyl halide, followed by reduction of the azide so formed.
- alkylation of potassium phthalimide, followed by hydrolysis of the N‑alkyl phthalimide so formed (i.e., the Gabriel synthesis).
- reductive amination of aldehydes or ketones.
- Hofmann or Curtius rearrangements.
- write detailed mechanisms for each of the steps involved in the synthetic routes outlined in Objective 1.
- identify the product or products formed when
- a given nitrile or amide is reduced using lithium aluminum hydride.
- a given alkyl halide is reacted with ammonia or an alkylamine.
- a given alkyl halide is reacted with azide ion and the resulting product is reduced.
- a given alkyl halide is reacted with potassium phthalimide and the resulting product is hydrolyzed.
- a given aldehyde or ketone is reacted with ammonia or an amine in the presence of nickel catalyst.
- a given amide is treated with halogen and base.
- a given acyl azide is heated and then hydrolyzed.
- identify the starting material, the other reagents, or both, needed to synthesize a given amine by any of the routes listed in Objective 1.
- write a general equation to illustrate the preparation of an arylamine by the reduction of a nitro compound, and balance such an equation.
- identify the product formed from the reduction of a given aromatic nitro compound.
- identify the organic compound, the inorganic reagents, or both, needed to prepare a given arylamine.
Key Terms
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, the key terms below.
- azide synthesis
- Curtius rearrangement
- Hofmann rearrangement
- Gabriel synthesis
- imide
- reductive amination
Study Notes
You may wish to review the mechanism of SN2 reactions which is discussed in some detail in Sections 11.2 and 11.3.
Azide synthesis is the first method on the table of synthesis of primary amines. The Lewis structure of the azide ion, N3−, is as shown below.
![an azide ion](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/106391/24-6a.png?revision=1)
An “imide” is a compound in which an N$\ce{-}$H group is attached to two carbonyl groups; that is,
![imide linkage](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/106392/24-6b.png?revision=1)
You should note the commonly used trivial names of the following compounds.
![phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, and phthalimide](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/106396/24-6c.png?revision=1)
The phthalimide alkylation mentioned in the reading is also known as the Gabriel synthesis.
If necessary, review the reduction of nitriles (Section 20.7) and the reduction of amides (Section 21.7).
Before you read the section on reductive amination you may wish to remind yourself of the structure of an imine (see Section 19.8).
The Hofmann rearrangement is usually called the Hofmann degradation. In a true rearrangement reaction, no atoms are lost or gained; however, in this particular reaction one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen are lost from the amide starting material, thus the term “rearrangement” is not really appropriate. There is a rearrangement step in the overall degradation process, however: this is the step in which the alkyl group of the acyl nitrene migrates from carbon to nitrogen to produce an isocyanate.
Reduction of Nitriles, Amides, and Nitro Compounds
Acid chlorides react with ammonia to give amides, by an addition-elimination path, and these are reduced to amines by LiAlH4 (Section 21-7).
![clipboard_eda57b054c4b65cd29b245187e62cf557.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352826/clipboard_eda57b054c4b65cd29b245187e62cf557.png?revision=1)
Alkyl halides can be converted to primary amines through a two-step process. First an SN2 reaction with a cyanide anion converts the alkyl halide into a nitrile. Then the nitrile is reduced to a primary amine by LiAlH4 (Section 20-7). During this reaction sequence an additional carbon atom is added.
![clipboard_e8a82404a2391554726e1ccffd19c07e3.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352825/clipboard_e8a82404a2391554726e1ccffd19c07e3.png?revision=1)
Arylamines are typically prepared by the reduction of a nitro group on an aromatic ring. Several methods for reducing nitro groups to amines are known. These include catalytic hydrogenation (H2 + platinum catalyst), and zinc, iron, or tin(II) chloride in dilute mineral acid. The procedures described above are sufficient for most cases. Catalytic hydrogenation can be problematic because it is known to reduce other functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, and some carbonyl groups.
![clipboard_ee1ef5ee0c799e4cfddbb59b4452bdfc4.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352827/clipboard_ee1ef5ee0c799e4cfddbb59b4452bdfc4.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=490&height=657)
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Propose structures of the starting materials needed to make the the following amines using the reduction of a nitrile or an amide:
a) CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
b) (CH3CH2)2NH
c)
![clipboard_efec37921b36d2323b83c50170436d9c2.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352829/clipboard_efec37921b36d2323b83c50170436d9c2.png?revision=1)
e) N-Propylaniline
- Answer
-
a) CH3CH2CH2CONH2
b) CH3CONHCH2CH3
c)
![clipboard_e5bca52cfff842098fb8e05172b593d05.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352830/clipboard_e5bca52cfff842098fb8e05172b593d05.png?revision=1)
e)
![clipboard_e7878fdd580a110b8525fb962587b0612.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352828/clipboard_e7878fdd580a110b8525fb962587b0612.png?revision=1)
SN2 Reactions of Alkyl Halides
Because they posses lone pair electrons, ammonia and amines are considered good nucleophiles. Ammonia and amines can by alkylated by an SN2 reaction with alkyl halides. The product of the reaction is an ammonium salt where the negative counter-ion is the halogen of the alkyl halide. When the alkylated products are 1o, 2o, and 3o amines, they can be deprotonated with NaOH to produce the neutral amine. When a 3o amine is alkylated, a quaternary ammonium salt is produced.
![24.6 amines with alkyl halides.svg](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/393555/24.6_amines_with_alkyl_halides.svg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=695&height=323)
Alkylation is an efficient method for the synthesis of 3o and 4o amines. However, when 1o and 2o amines are alkylated a mixture of products is typically produced. When ammonia is reacted with an alkylhalide an monoalkylammonium salt is formed.
RX + NH3 → RNH3+ + X-
It is possible for any remaining ammonia present in the reaction to deprotonate the ammonium salt to produce the neutral monoalkyl amine.
RNH3+ + NH3 → RNH2 + NH4+
The monoalkyl amine is then free to react with a second alkyl halide creating a dialkylammonium salt. This process can be repeated to to eventually to create a tetralkylammonium salt. Typically when a alkyl halide is reacted with ammonia, a mixture of mostly 1o and 2o amines, with trace amounts of 3o amines and 4o ammonium salts, is produced.
RNH2 + RX → R2NH2+ + X-
Example
![clipboard_e1af40bd9c9fc26eb844ac8c2419eb813.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352833/clipboard_e1af40bd9c9fc26eb844ac8c2419eb813.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=490&height=174)
![clipboard_e3756300c878234f6f6e36234912f94bb.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352832/clipboard_e3756300c878234f6f6e36234912f94bb.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=519&height=172)
To synthesize a 1o or 2o amine, specific reactions are usually employed. A more efficient method starts with an SN2 reaction between a 1o or 2o alkyl halide and the nucleophilic azide anion (N3-) to produce an alkyl azide. The alkyl azide is not nucleophilic so it cannot react with additional alkyl halide to produce overalkylation. Alkyl azide is then reduced with LiAlH4 to produce a 1o amine.
![clipboard_e18e2378188f4be7d870a0b972a5c6e6a.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352836/clipboard_e18e2378188f4be7d870a0b972a5c6e6a.png?revision=1)
![clipboard_e80c700702e81566f5704dd8e80479892.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352835/clipboard_e80c700702e81566f5704dd8e80479892.png?revision=1)
Example
![clipboard_e08e4067f752ce8f9aacf4e607e81dadd.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352837/clipboard_e08e4067f752ce8f9aacf4e607e81dadd.png?revision=1)
![clipboard_ea8f7084ab14ba21b7eea0d824545cbe2.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352838/clipboard_ea8f7084ab14ba21b7eea0d824545cbe2.png?revision=1)
Gabriel Amine Synthesis
Another common method for the synthesis of 1o amines is called the Gabriel amine synthesis. This reaction starts with the deprotonation of phthalimide by a hydroxide base such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). The N-H hydrogen of an imide functional group is acidic because its conjugate base is resonance stabilized by two carbonyl groups. The phthalimide anion is nucleophilic and easily alkylated through an SN2 reaction with an alkyl halide. The resulting N-alkylated phthalimide then undergoes base hydrolysis to produce a 1o amine product. The mechanism for the base promoted hydrolysis of the N-alkylated phthalimide is analogous to the hydrolysis of an amide (Section 21-7).
![clipboard_e04cd9f24a5ba7ffe77337fc850707745.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352839/clipboard_e04cd9f24a5ba7ffe77337fc850707745.png?revision=1)
Example
![clipboard_e13495aa233b87f1157d1bff0b07af698.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352840/clipboard_e13495aa233b87f1157d1bff0b07af698.png?revision=1)
Exercises \(\PageIndex{1}\)
1) Write the mechanism for the base promoted hydrolysis of an N-alkyl phthalimide to create a 1o amine and the phthalate ion.
2) Starting with any alkyl halide, show two methods to synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin.
![clipboard_e32a5ff1f7583ff415da22cb035749c02.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352876/clipboard_e32a5ff1f7583ff415da22cb035749c02.png?revision=1)
- Answers
-
1)
![clipboard_e86fe47105aba8c8f94b664b50ca404b5.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352841/clipboard_e86fe47105aba8c8f94b664b50ca404b5.png?revision=1)
2)
![clipboard_ef71c9988c7947f8855d94e9c9b84b447.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352878/clipboard_ef71c9988c7947f8855d94e9c9b84b447.png?revision=1)
![clipboard_e92920c8ee10f2b280bb65bbb63d29ec0.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352879/clipboard_e92920c8ee10f2b280bb65bbb63d29ec0.png?revision=1)
Reductive Amination
Aldehydes and ketones can be converted into 1o, 2o and 3o amines using reductive amination. The reaction takes place in two parts. The first step is the nucleophiic addition of ammonia, a 1o amine, or a 2o amine to a carbonyl group to form an imine (Section 19-8). The second step is the reduction of the imine to an amine using a hydride reducing agent. Some common reducing agents used for this reaction are: sodium borohydride (NaBH4), sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH3CN), NaBH(OAc)3, or hydrogen gas (H2) over a nickel catalyst.
General Reaction
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Mechanism
Reductive amination starts with the nucleophilic addition of ammonia or a 1o amine to an aldehyde or ketone forms a cyanohydrin intermediate. Subsequent dehydration forms an imine intermediate (Section 19-8). The imine undergoes hydride reduction in a similar fashion as C=O carbonyl bonds are reduced to an alcohol.
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)
When a 2o amine is used for reductive amination, an enamine intermediate is formed which then undergoes hydride reduction to form a 3o amine.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Predicting the Products of a Reductive Amination
![clipboard_e0fc11f186ef3538df164d8d62dc7f064.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352900/clipboard_e0fc11f186ef3538df164d8d62dc7f064.png?revision=1)
Examples
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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aI+ta3vgWlFB4/flxmeS7Cq6++CqVU5caKz8Frr712NbG+8sorUKrUd2yTmhEEATabDd59913Yto1nn312RzS1Wi0Mh8M4g1t3FovFjheoKe2APltcMu5J31NTYk3zS11iSYgySMb6q1/96tJF2iOzh/nRj350NR2QTG++Bq4p1slkcjWxkuMJggCmacL3fSwWC7zzzjswTTMeoqua2fiu/OQnP8G9e/fw3HPPVd4LVBTdL/XgwYNa+J6Kols1TNOshe+pKEEQ4Dvf+Q6UUvjyl7986eLskNnDXFNny1ibyWw2u5pYyfFEUYRer4ftdov1el0bI2tRvvjFL+Lhw4eXLkYpvPLKK/jsZz976WKUwre//W08++yzjciU3sZXvvIV3L9//9LF2IEiCoy1qVBEEXJDv9+HbduXLkYpMNZmUsVYKaLAWJsKRRQhN1SxAzoXjLWZVDFWiigw1qZCEUXIDVXsgM4FY20mVYyVIgqMtalQRBFyQxU7oHPBWJtJFWOliAJjbSoUUYTcUMUO6Fww1mZSxVgposBYmwpFFCE3VLEDOheMtZlUMVaKKDDWpkIRRcgNVeyAzgVjbSZVjJUiCoy1qVBEEXJDFTugc8FYm0kVY6WIAmNtKhRRhNxQxQ7oXDDWZlLFWCmiwFibCkUUITdUsQM6F4y1mVQxVoooMNamQhFFyA1V7IDOBWNtJlWMlSIKjLWpUEQRckMVO6BzwVibSRVjpYgCY20qFFGE3FDFDuhcMNZmUsVYKaLAWJsKRRQhN1SxAzoXjLWZVDFWiigw1qZCEUXIDVXsgM4FY20mVYyVIgqMtanUUUStVit4nofJZIL1ep36ea/XO+hYnudhPB4jiqLcfWazWaGyzmYzeJ63s02nU6xWKwRBUOh8vu/D8zwsFotCZQKA9XoNz/PQ6/UwGAzgeR58388813w+zzzWZrOB53nYbDaFy1MVqtgBnQvG2kyqGCtFFBhrU6mTiNpsNrBtG0qp+L9KKbiuuyeC2u12bscvyDE8z8vdx3GcQmV2HCc+R9o2Ho+PPt9qtYJSCv1+/+jyBEGATqcTn7/VasEwjMzyyLmUUqmCFbi5h4oKzSpRxQ7oXDDWZlLFWCmiwFibSl1EVBiGsG0bpmnGnXkQBPG1SgqKxWIBy7JyM0zAjYgyDCMzk3IKESUEQYDVaoXFYoFWq5UqPs4losIwhGVZsWiUuomiaKc80+l071wiuNLqkyKqnjDWZlLFWCmiwFibSl1E1GKxgFIKg8Fg77N2uw3TNPf+btt2boYJQJzVMgwjUyScUkTpbDYbKKXQ7XaPOl9REdXv93O/t16voZTaEZ9yLhFfo9Fo73sUUfWEsTaTKsZKEQXG2lTqIqKWyyU8z8N2u937rNvtwjCMvb+PRiMYhpHpPQJuBMt4PM4UCWmiJggC9Hq9eGjMtm24rrs35JUnonzfh1Jqz791DhEVRREMw4Bt27nZufl8jslkgjAMd87leV4cazJGiqh6wlibSRVjpYgCY20qdRFRWQRBAMMw0G639z6TzIo+PJVEFyxZIiEpanzfh2masCwLo9EInufFQk4ptWPQzhNRg8EASiksl8vc8yUpIqKWy2Vq1us2dBG13W5TM3YUUfWEsTaTKsZKEQXG2lTqLqJ6vR6UUlitVnufRVEEpRSGw2Hm93XBkiUSkqJmNBpBKbU3O07qUjdni4hyHCfedFN82gy7PCO6vh0joqRsaZm2PHQRBSA1Y0cRVU8YazOpYqwUUWCsTaXOIko8PnkiyTTN3OxLUiCliYS0zFDaTLX5fL430y9NROlCqtPp7A1RKqVgmubed2Rrt9upIioMQ8xmM8zn870hzOl0mjkbMI+kiAL2M3YUUfWEsTaTKsZKEQXG2lTqKKLCMITrugdlY9rtNlqtVubnaQJJRIJkt9L2CcMQ0+kUo9EIjuPANM04Q5QmotJYLpfxsOBtZdJJG86Tv/V6PfR6PViWtSPOxJh/6PpZyePqMSUzdhRR9YSxNpMqxkoRBcbaVOomosIwjDMxh2RV2u12boOSJlh8398xYSf3Wa/Xsf+p3W6j3+9jPB7H2Z5DRRRwk03TfVFFRJTjODsZuV6vt/NvMbF3Op3M4wJPsmnD4TAWYGkiCtjN2FFE1RPG2kyqGCtFFBhrU6mTiPJ9P16O4JCFNAHAMIxc4ZAlWEQQiflb36fT6aSuKyXZnmNElPirdAFS1FguM+qAfRGllztvtqKUV2LLElFyPL2OKKLqBWNtJlWMlSIKjLWp1ElEtdttGIaRuXJ2Esm+HOOJ0tFXG9f3MU0ztZESk7vup8oTUWEYxgtc6sLmLrPzFosFOp0OOp3OnlgSkec4zo7gEiaTSZxdS54rTUTJsJ7UEUVUvWCszaSKsVJEgbE2lbqIKOngLcvKNFwnRYNM6z90iYMkMqyXlokSseT7PlarFbrdbuyLSg6zpRnLdR9VUqDcVUR5ngfbtlPjHg6HsXG91+thNpthMpnEHjPbtneWaMgTUcDNsB5FVP1grM2kirFSRIGxNpW6iCj9fW9ZW/IFutLBp71YV7hNsMiwXnKdqOQ78fr9PoIggG3bO0b2rHfnyeKcWUsc3HWdqNlsBtM0UxfWnM/nsa9M3waDwZ4QvU1EATfXhiKqXjDWZlLFWDN7mNdff70WHdApYKzN5K233mpkrFEUwbKsoxeXPPYcaSuoX4LRaLTj0ZKFRvP8T8CTV8/cts81UcUO6Fww1mZSxVgze5hXX30VhmFgMpmUWZ7SCcMQzz//PO7du3fpopSCXNef/exnly7KWZGZbg8ePLh0UU7OfD6HYRi5Wagm4bouXNdFFEUIggDdbvfWmXhknyp2QOeCsTaTKsaaKaIePXqEp556CkopuK5bmafSUzKZTGCaJu7fv49XXnnl0sUphe12i6effjqeEn6okblOTKdTWJbV2OvabrePXp27zvi+j36/D8uy4hmJ1yIgT8nLL7+Mp59++tLFKAXG2kyqGOutYx3z+Tx+y/lwOEyd+VI3lstlPHOo2+1eZYO8WCzilaV7vV4jhj1Wq1Xsh2nqdV0sFrAsK/dFu4Sk8fLLL8MwDLz11luXLspZ+eMf/wjTNGGa5qWLUgovv/wyPvnJT+LHP/7xpYtyVh4/foxnnnkGn/rUpy5dlB0OMoxEUQTP82AYBkzTrO0Q33a7jWfqtNvt1HeSXRNRFGE8HsM0TRiGAc/zatk5+76PbrfL60pIDh9++CE+97nPNTYLHQRBvBTH008/jd/97neXLlIpBEGAF154obHtXxiG8czbp59+unL64yjXrX6TtlqtvTe0VxX9IliWlTst/BoJgiBeVNCyrIMXe7w0YRhiNBrBMAxeV0IORM/YNiELrT/kX3M7sNls4hmzTcnEi+WmysmbQlOX1ut1PPW36n4puQiGYWA0GjViOPJc6D/Cqj+piu+J15WQYui/obpmocVuwnbgBrFq1LlOdMtN1W1Ed5r/XWW/FH1PxamyX+oafE+ElEUym1uXLLT+IM92YB/dqlGn7Jxuual6gka48yI6VfNL0fd0Gqrml6LviZDzof++qpyF1i0lbAduR7dqVLm+dMtNnaxCwAlElJD0S5V9seh7Og9Jv1TaKtTnJIoi+p4IKYmq+qXoe7obVfZL1cH3lMfJl3O+RJqV/pjzo/8IHcfZWUH6XNDvQMhlqJJfiu3A6aiSX6pOvqc8zvZOjDJu/Ko+NTUZ3S+V9j6yU1CniQuENJVL+6XoezoPl/ZL1dH3lMdZXyx2rhRsXcbvm4r+IzRNE+Px+CRPqnVdQoOQJlN2e0vfUzmU7Zeqs+8pj1LeznqqH8Wln4zILvqP0Lbtwn6pqk1OIITsc+7MP31Pl6EMv1TdfU95lPqK+7ukZ6s0Rk92uYtfqsrLZBBC9jlHW0zf0+U5h1+qKb6nPEoVUcIxPxj6nurDMX4p+p4IqS+nGhWg76lanMov1TTfUx4XEVHA7alb+p7qyW1+KfqeCGkORdtp+p6qTVG/VFN9T3lcTEQJ+o/ppZdews9//nP84Ps/oO+p5ug/wi984QvwPA9vvPEGfU+ENJBDRwzoe6oXx/ilmux7yuPiIkpYr9d4/vnn8fDhQ9y7dw8//elP6XtqAJvNBi+88ALu378PpRR++MMfNnJcnBCS75ei76m+5PmlrsH3lEdlRJQwnU7xt7/97dLFICfmN7/5DR4/fnzpYhBCzozul3rmmWfwve99D1/60pfoe6o5ulXj05/+NL773e/ipZdeugrfUx6VE1GEEELqj+/7aLVaMAwDTz31FH1PDSEIAnzjG9/Aw4cP8fDhw6vwPeVBEUUIIeRslPGKKFI+15p5SkIRRQghhBBSAIooQgghhJACUEQRQgghhBSAIooQQgghpAAUUYQQQgghBaCIIoQQQggpAEUUIYQQQkgBKKIIIYQQQgpAEUUIIYQQUgCKKEIIIYSQAlBEEUIIIYQUgCKKEEIIIaQAFFGEEEIIIQWgiCKEEEIIKQBFFCGEEEJIASiiCCGEEEIKQBFFCCGEEFIAiihCCCGEkAJQRBFCCCGEFIAiihBCCCGkABRRhBBCCCEFOJmI2m63WK1WqZvv+6nfiaIo9/MykHJHUXT0d9frNdbr9RlKdRrW6zU2m038b4mVEEIIIXfnZCKq3+9DKZW59fv9PbHk+z6UUvA871TFOBopdxEhZ9s2bNs+Q6lOg23bcBwn/rfEeiqiKILneZUWkoQQQsi5OLmIms/nO1mo6XQKx3GglIJt2zsZnzAM4XneRbMjFFHFmc1mUEoxu0UIIeQqObmIyhIjg8EgzkhVCYqo4lBEEVJtPM/LHB1wXRfz+Tz1e5duq6XcRdqWU7dzp8ZxnIv1G1EU7V1zpdROP3FXLnXv3OWeuQuliSgAcUZK9gmCAI7jYDab7ewXBAEmkwlc14XjOBgOhwiCAACwXC7hOE7qj9/3/b3PfN/HeDyG4zh7x8ort2TQZBuPx3u+KRFRQRCg3+/DcRy4rovJZJIa/2q1QrfbjY/ped7OMReLBRzH2ft+GIZwXRe9Xg+bzSZ1H8F1XYxGo7h8t4koOV6/398py2azQa/Xi8s6GAwQhmH8+Ww2Q6vVglIK7XZ770d4SP31ej2Mx2P4vo/hcBjX33Q6TY1tuVzu1F/aMQkhN0jH0mq1dn6P0pErpdDpdPZ+R/L7uhQUUeeh0+nstdVNEVGz2QyO4+z4gMugVBE1nU6hlMJisQCQ7olarVYwTROmaaLf76PX68EwDJimCd/3EUURDMNAp9PZO/54PIZSCtvtNj6+ZVmwLAuDwSA+lm3bcTnTyt3tduOGZzQa7fxbF2C2bcM0TViWFQsW0zShlIqFjDCZTOJjeJ4Xl6Xdbu80YI7jwDCMnRtBzi8Nim3bsCxrL/7lcgmlVCxKbxNRm80Gpmnu1AcAzOdzGIYBy7IwGo3Q7/fjOKVu80SUXl+e58XiORmrbdvodDqwLCtu5C3LglIKw+FwJ7bhcLhzTDlHWgdACHmCiJHkgyrwJCshv6tke3VpKKLOQ7JPAJojoi5FqSJqsVhAKRU/4aSJKBEIuljZbDZQSqHX6+Weq9VqxeIqiqI4U6RnUKQMg8Eg9VgyRJW8CeTv8j0pa9q+Iq6S5Xddd6fDX6/Xe4LB932YphkLDhFfeh2JWFwulzvnFWEm58gTUVkCKggCmKaJVqu1U2/b7RaGYaDb7e7Vid7Qyd+SIkj+rjfWUn/638IwzKy/bre7U38iGqvWARBSFfJElNBut3cePoEnD7P6vwXf9zGbzeB5XvwwDNzMtE77TtbxfN/HdDpN9cVmiagoirBYLOB5HiaTSWrWIdnOjcdjTKfTzLJJ+bKOGYYhVqtV6rnW63U8uztrH9lPJuAkRZTv+3Gc2+0W0+kU0+l0pw9cr9cYj8eYTCY7f9eR78q10dtvKZ9lWWi321itVvFxdBG1XC7heR7m8/nOeaQOsvp3/fpmiaj1eh2Xbzwe710POUcYhgjDEPP5HCLeRAoAAAqKSURBVOPxeG+GuRwj7X6S7yePFwQB5vM5PM/b6zcPrcMsShVR0umJEEmKKPl3Whp5Op3GN9pqtdoTFiJIZChIOt60Y43H4/iGTpbbdV2Yppl6o7quu/OEIyIgWdFyTDmG/DvtR9zpdGAYxs7fRHB0u10YhrH3lBAEwY6oBJ7cMIZh7Ny8WSIqS0ABNxkzvYFMxi9xpYkoqb+07JB8ppdPKbW3r/jn8rKFQqfT2TkmIeSGQ0SU/I51G0RaR5jmr+p0OgjDEFEUxRnlJNJe62VIm80tx9LPpbctm80mzn4nZ37rbYgcW7Js+pZs17bbLTqdzt5+g8EgPmYURWi1WjAMY6cNlwdyqScZRUi2Z0EQ7LTNSRGlXyO9DIZhYL1e79W7aZp7fYk8WOtbq9WKBYj0rfom10MfTUieR74vMaRlrJLXN3nvhGGYOXtft6Xox5G+QbbRaITlcgnDMFJjSLtn5HiTyWTveJ1OZ6+Pv60OsyhVREkHLRWXFFHz+Xzvx5xFq9Xa+cEOBgMYhhH/CGXo8LZ0cLLcWQ2BnEMXQ1nDanIx5ZhycyY9CfrwVfJHIeVKZuUEEVjyg02LN0tEyZBj2g9CGh4ZO0/zUIiSTxNRl6q/Q54YCLk2DhFR8sCpZ4+THaEcZzgcxm2OtOeSnZa2I7nkSb/f32mr5Fj6A64cS86Z7BBlZMGyrPj4WcORetsp318ul7Asa6ePAJ5k4QzD2MlOSGeql2+z2ezYSIIgiNs6iStNjOqxSVmyRJReDhEMhmGg1WrFx5R2Xr820m/2er24bd1ut3F9JS0UacN50r5ut1uEYRifR2/LxUKR7I+S1zdZPrlGutdVvx5yPBE9ogmiKMJ2u42Fs2mamE6nCMMQ2+02/n6yHpMiSu5biU3uDz0Jc0wdJilVREllyo2SFFFys+Wl2wS50dfrNaIogmmaO5mZQ8fUk+U2TTPVbwUAo9Fop5HImp2XFAHyFJMmAmRLql2pK8MwUutUnoKkcex0OntlyRJR7XY79cYGngwJZoko2fJEVJZf7dz1l5XiJuSaOURESTvsum78t2RHKBaDJMPhMN4vTYyJh1XaZvm3bgsQer1ePEqRbL+lvU/LkIsQEnEk7VyyH5E2TxdWyWyIICMEuuCS/mk6ncJ13ThTlIxVr0cpn/6wmCWikuWQh8dkHyZeWiEp5gQRQnobnyWikrHq5xekvnRxKTHr90ry3hmNRjt9s/73NNGT7D+kfnQrDbA/4pMlopLxhmG4I/6B7DqUY2RNdgJKFFFhGMKyrJ2hnqSIShqjdebzORaLRfxdGdIajUaxitR/NHlZLTlWWrnTxIggAkMu2qEiQIbBDs2WyIWTH2qaKJH0ueu6mYuWZokoSb+LONGvmdzYh8xwSBNR7Xb7bPVHAzkhx3FMJkrvpPSOcLvdprYvaSQFg7QR0jbLubJmFyfLLW2LZEHy9k1aNJIPVsn2Sto6sYromxwjmVXTh7zSYkieW+LVM2VZIiop+vT2WkdvN6UfdF13LwY9u6J/N01EpY0epBn0kyMNaX1AUkTprNfr2HclXryk6Mny0yaFTLLvzhJRyeNJHFIPeXUomiRNBMbxZn5yJHkiKoqinXFqIdn5i68n+ZQi47HJDrfb7aLVaqHX6+0NC8kPPxm8HEuESbLc8sNKPvHI9/Qb6FARoP9Yk/XSarV2hKWITTHEy9NEWgM2Go1gGEZ8/GTd3zY7L02p55m1xTsg6U7ZV68r3Xd16vpLCuI0YU4IueEQESWdrS4K9I5QPs87hpAcTZAhd0Has9ssG8kOsdVqZT6cSScr5cuanZfs8G97y0ZaOaXNS8vcADdtqmRrJPul2zWyRFSWpSOJ3m6KFzhv09v3Y2bnpZ0/KVjTZhomRVSaJ0r6uDTRk+wnk9c3Wb7bRFRa36nXw7F1mOTkImo4HMLzvHgTgSNKT+/s0jIo+hj3drvFdruNn0KSlStDWiIkkogHR9Yi0o+V/MHpa1fJ9H6ZobBcLmMDsy4ODhUBMp5vmiaGwyE2mw3W63WcYdHLLtkaXdlLajn5VCT1l2X4O2SdKKkjvW7lfIPBIJ5VIt/VRameMZPyJuvP9/07158ulm6rP0LIDYeIqOQSKsBuRyidzCHrRukmammf9N+niJC84RG93FImycrn7SvC7VARJX3NoQst6+14XrZFlm4BnmQ8kiMJWSIqWY5DRJTUcVq2JatsdxFR+jXNGgFJ1o1knEaj0c4Mv6zhvOS9em4RJXEkhwsPpZR357VaLUyn071sQdpFiKIorlzZDMNIrQgZ0krLfADpCtgwjJ0nrrQM2nq93psFYtv23jkOFQHAk8yYdPp6WfQGJmt5ADE1po3ZSno5rZE8RESJQNGH9YIgiMWcvukzVoCbRkU+l/o5V/0lZ9FkiWdCyBNuE1Ey3JQcztE7wjQPiSACLLnOnm3be+v2ATdDJ2kdlu5tSnaIInjS2vlkGQ4VUZI1y7J8eJ6XujDzcrnMzI4DN3UuGbykYDyliAL2PVKC7/t7U/rvKqKAJ4JWv77Jcuv3jtxfaYIzmTC4lIgCsDdKIqTVYZLKrkgmazzkrU0BPEnzpt1AWcc6xoC83W5z1z4pgqxlcWxZspCFMM8xnBUEwUHXQNZKSSL1V+SVOlmcuv4IaTJpIkp+157nxVmVtFeB6B2fZKz1ziTLuCsjBHpGRkfWs9Mz6/qyLnq5pV3xfT+2Yei/ezmXLvAOFVHyANlqtVKXLtCHISWDJnWiWzGS7ZAkB2zbzjRsn1JEiaDTkwNhGMYjCnps8l29vzhWRIk4TBNkcrykny65n76cg9xTlxRRx9ThXryZn9QAqaS0GRvXgKTOD03lEkKui7x350lHmPYAlBRRQRDEmWDHceJMs7z2SkcfIUgbtguCIM466cfSF/hNm109nU7jaf/697LWiUqSZoJeLBYwTTM+pmTWk2skyZsvdEEkw5xpQkJGCNIMyacWUVEUxaMcyfWekgJCH5mRfuNYEaVf37QMZ/Le0d9gIdfNsqw4uyjC5ZIi6pg63Is399OKMpvNMBqNdlb2viZkxV4Zn2dGhhCShmSckttsNtvzWOokVyQXJpNJvKzBZDLJbHtlHbusGcnyNobhcIjBYLBn95ByJ4XFdruNvbb6osk60j4m2Ww2qccMggCe56Hf78dx6eWWsqSdS4b9shYtThsGms1me4tMep63V1dZcUwmk9SZgVIWx3FSV4EHbupd7gEAO/9/yPmBJ9c3awQk7d6ZzWYYDAYYDAYYj8fxDHFZHR24GTpLDtnKdUv+Xcon9Za8Z+R4afUwmUwyVwG4rQ6T1FJEiQJ1XfcqF1kUZX7IaqqEEFImaev2XRvtdvtWm0ld4QjILrUUUYQQQqqF+BWzljlpOuI1y1sYtM6Ix1U8bRwBeQJFFCGEkDuj+68OWVOqaYghPWv2Yd3R30V4yKvZrgWKKEIIIXfG931Mp9OTzmauE2EYYjabNTYD5/s+ZrPZSWdbNwGKKEIIIYSQAlBEEUIIIYQUgCKKEEIIIaQAFFGEEEIIIQWgiCKEEEIIKQBFFCGEEEJIASiiCCGEEEIKQBFFCCGEEFIAiihCCCGEkAL8P4cYxqsxsLFiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Biological Reductive Aminations
Reductive amination is used in the biosynthesis of the amino acid proline. The enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) catalyzes glutamate undergoing an intramolecular imine formation to produce 1-pyrrolinium 5-carboxylate. Then the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PYCR) catalyzed the nucleophilic hydride reduction of the C=N bond to produce proline. The biological hydride reducing agent for this sequence is reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
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)
Planning a Synthesis using a Reductive Amination
If you are trying to develop a synthesis of an amine molecule, the key bond break is a C-N bond in the target molecule. There may be multiple C-N bonds present, so each should be broken separately to produce a possible set of starting materials. Because the amine is commonly used in excess during a reductive animation, the pathway which provides the simplest amine starting material is preferred. The carbon from the broken C-N bond goes on to become a carbonyl starting material. The nitrogen gains a hydrogen to become the amine starting material.
![clipboard_ebee832de9f52834969b1c0a8a69318b4.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352904/clipboard_ebee832de9f52834969b1c0a8a69318b4.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=958&height=253)
Worked Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Show how N-methylbenzylamine can be synthesized using a reductive amination. If more than one pathway is possible, draw them both and determine which one would be preferred.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Answer
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Pathway 1
![clipboard_e86bfb602540c1522eeab070565ef173c.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352906/clipboard_e86bfb602540c1522eeab070565ef173c.png?revision=1)
Solution 1
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Pathway 2
![clipboard_e6bd18f53c771290ad1f35e7fe13ef9d8.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352907/clipboard_e6bd18f53c771290ad1f35e7fe13ef9d8.png?revision=1)
Solution 2
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Because N-methylbenzylamine has two C-N bonds there are two possible synthesis pathways. Pathway 1 is most likely preferred because it uses the simplest amine starting material, methyl amine.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Provide starting materials which could be used to prepare the following compounds using a reductive amination. Show all possible pathways.
1)
a)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
b)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
c)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2) Please give the starting materials which could provide the following molecule using a reductive amination.
![clipboard_e336c4516aa460fa317f9cb626b8ef222.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352915/clipboard_e336c4516aa460fa317f9cb626b8ef222.png?revision=1)
- Answers
- 1)
-
a)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
b)
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)
c)
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)
2)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Hofmann Rearrangement
The Hofmann rearrangement occurs when a 1o amide is reacted with bromine (Br2) and a base. The products are a 1o amine with one less carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2).
General Reaction
![clipboard_ed37fe9b4a64995a2cb002942eb64aa06.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352920/clipboard_ed37fe9b4a64995a2cb002942eb64aa06.png?revision=1)
Example
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Mechanism
The mechanism for the Hofmann rearrangement is quite complex. The mechanism starts with the deprontation of the primary amide by a base. The nitrogen is brominated during an SN2 reaction with Br2 to produce an N-bromoamide. Bromide is eliminated as a leaving group to produce a electron deficient nitrene-like nitrogen. Electrons from the adjacent C-C bond migrate to the nitrogen as part of a rearrangment to finally produce an isocyanate. The carbon in the isocyante is electrophilic and reacts with a nucleophilic hydroxide to create a C-O bond. After movement of electrons through resonance and a proton transfer a carbamate intermediate is formed. The carbamate decomposes to create an amide anion and a stable CO2 molecule. Finally, water protonates the amide anion to produce a 1o amine.
![clipboard_e4065ff1eac9295331457e9bd9a565fbd.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352919/clipboard_e4065ff1eac9295331457e9bd9a565fbd.png?revision=1)
Curtius Rearrangement
The Curtius Rearrangement is another method used to synthesize a 1o amine.
General Reaction
The Curtius rearrangement involves an acyl azide reacting with water and heat to produce a 1o amine along with CO2 and N2. The acyl azide is usually made by a nucleophilic substitution of an acid chloride with sodium azide (NaN3)
![clipboard_ee3971a26d3b31e10ead311d1447069b4.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/352938/clipboard_ee3971a26d3b31e10ead311d1447069b4.png?revision=1)
Mechanism
The mechanism of the Curtius rearrangement is quite similar to the Hoffman rearrangement. The loss of N2 as a leaving group creates an electron deficient nitrogen. The adjacent -R group migrates to form an isocyanate. Reaction of the isocyanate forms a carbamate which decomposes to form a 1o amine and CO2.
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X3qVIn+wl0eqOLBOkn1+hld59ZWXL8Sqa9i8pyJXdRuclv736zsxTFLzudqiNDy9pJf01KSKN7Wcpxeuo++e1bC0V+gdMflxuq4NJYO6imrmU99ae//O3RZ59VBj7jOCkx2ZHFae/gqLI7U/7WKDCnZxd1WzmylHtHit4W6q9mHIl8mix1xifC/fpIhH1y6+o6Iw/J/3YtmXW7Nr6aykbUPpLKmlOWUopfjtzlRBYDvXDK062XwPaliBLSxr0s5Tg9dZ/8lq2Fvhej49pmnFf9RNq7q6ynjFlflb3x9nFeXr6kxGRHzy76z1JdYZMn9+Hu/n//95+dxUJ9bXBkKfeOJPUJsl9NHonxK1nYKr9EqoKNNDn6pYxBOv1LqSo5XUumvlN9L6oPXq8G9VrX3kTcz1IUvxy1qffs5k8vLXWPC6sUUULauJelHKen7pPfsrXQN2mZpSrPq2N3+jFXvkJdBade/5//OKHE5KWxa9ouJMpmvSrL5ffPv1+WpSqNdVmqcUeiKnyTpSbMMV9Knb7GLNW+ZBqvX9RMsdLLVd0mgiyVuU71nl4k3FmqshQJSkg7H7OU+/TUffI9slTLMb7K80qWgs5uLYr7syYr+yD1/k7jFNdlqcYdiapvh35jfMiCowvTGLBrM8bXWDLtJzS2gnWbCOcYH9LXWB2FzVKUkDY+Zin36an75HuM8ak+58a55+4s1TjGV5elWo7xIX16ayEZi73r5vnpv7IHROrWsDh2ZH989g6O+sw9pxwmzq6LKotZ17nnoqZk2n0Dja1g3Sb6UdXNPaf4payxOgqbpQQlpIWPWcp9egLOPRcdr4lQl6VEUz1Vl6U6zT2nxCRLnUe9K0gWY6MDVZ1Wo5dRPq4/uTJLtdmRvvxTFUVHwTv89ltHbUWpS59jjM8oZnXXRBBdSqb+5NV6Y/TB17WClZvoR1uZ5il+KWtTHQXPUoIS0uQuS7VsluxPfqfWQtf+Wp2OLCVq6il3lnIfJyVmPuqmkAPjomQCeeEeMpgp1mkiTZRMIDtkKcyRcQlgIBGUTCBHZCkAAAB/ZCkAAAB/ZCkAAAB/ZCkAAAB/ZCkAAAB//wei1WsKHXdxBwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Example
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Planning a Synthesis using a Hoffman or Curtius Rearrangement
Because the amide and the acyl azide required for these rearrangements both are best made from an acid chloride, synthesis of amines using these reaction are best started from the corresponding carboxylic acid. For retrosynthetic analysis starting from the desired amine product - the key break is the C-NH2 bond. The amine is removed and replaced with a -CH2CO2H fragment to provide the required carboxylic acid starting material.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Worked Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)
Show how the following molecule could be prepared from a carboxylic acid starting material using both the Hoffman and Curtius rearrangements.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Answer
-
First determine the structure of the carboxylic acid starting material. This will be the starting material for both rearrangements. In the first step, convert the carboxylic acid into an acid halide using thionyl chloride (SOCl2). Then use the required conditions for each rearrangement.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAApkAAACRCAYAAACIY6MWAAAgAElEQVR4nO2db4gj6X3n60VkxrEuS3IHWntyty+MQvrMhZhc0HJmYHe1M06isdcX3YXdjQiOvVriM+xYIS8C3TaBHXFe5Ji9KBeGwswLwUIUCBt03iRGLDm0a3qXHNqc1f+qe6a6p7vV26PepZVGiFBgvvei7/fMU6UqtdStf6X+fqCgW1V66qdSlepbv3+PAUIIIYQQQkaMMW0DCCGEEELI/EGRSQghhBBCRg5FJiGEEEIIGTkUmYQQQgghZORQZBJCCCGEBGCVLNhfuo+PjY9xaBxi85VN7K7sTtusUECRSQghhBDi4bh1jO1nbZwYJ7AWLWyYG7AKFvYe38OJcYKt6ta0TZx5KDIJIYQQQjzce34Lh8YhjvaPetZtvrKJE+MEO/WdKVgWHigyCSGEEEI07Pfsvt5Kx3Gw9/ge9h7fm7Bl4YIikxBCCCFEwypYODFO+m6zWTn1Zna73QlZFT4oMgkhhBBCNO49v3Wml3J3ZZch8zOgyCSEEEII0Xjw+R1sP2v33UZE5v3a/QlZFT4oMgkhhBBCNKzbFo6M3oIfnfu1+zgxTnDcOp6QVeGDIpMQQgghRGOruoUT4wSH24eB21iLFg6N4PWEIpMQQgghxMVJ+wRNo4l7z/tXlx9YB6f9MwvWhC0LFxSZhBBCCCEejvaPcGQcYftZGzv1HTiOg6P9I2z+5SY+Nj7G1tfYjP0sKDIJIYQQQnzYXdmF/aXT3EtZmkYT1m0LjuNM27yZhyKTEEIIIeQMdld2WeQzJBSZhBBCCCFk5FBkEkIIIYSQkUORSQghhBASQNNousLk1qIVOKc5cUORSQghhBASAEXm+aHIJIQQQggJgCLz/FBkEkIIIYQEQJF5figyCSGEEEICoMg8PxSZhBBCCCEBUGSeH4pMQgghhJAAKDLPD0UmIYQQQkgAFJnnhyKTEEIIISQAiszzQ5FJCCGEEBIAReb5ocgkhBBCCAmAIvP8UGQSQgghhARAkXl+KDIJIYQQQgKgyDw/FJmEEEIIIQFQZJ4fikxCCCFkjvnxOz9Gt9Odthl9+cn//cnM2igic399H8dHxxSZQ0CRSQghhMwh2/Y2fvs3fxuf/tlP47O/8Fl8UP9g2ib10Gw28dXf+So+86nP4PGffRzv1t6dtkk9HBgHuPf8Fj4yPsLHxsfYTtoUmQNCkUkIIYTMEd1OF69/73VcjV7Fm+U3AQAf1D/A9SevI5vJotlsTtnCUxvvFO9gIbaAN0pvwHEcrDRWcDN5E5l0Btv29rRNhOM4sEoWHhoPsfEXG3AcB4fbh7CfsbH773ZxYB1M28SZhyKTEEIImRPeLL+Jq9GreP17r/uGn98ovYGr0au4U7wztfD0W5W3sBBbwGu3X0O73R56/SSw37PRNJrY+toWTtonPevv1+7j0DjE5iubvuvJKRSZhJCR80H9A3z2Fz6LZ/7DMzPhNfFj295GNpOd2k2MkFGy0ljB9SevD+QFbLfbeO32a1iILeCtylsTsQ8ANq1NpFNppFNpbFqbfbf188ZOgqP9I9x7fgsPPr+D3ZXdvts6jgOraOHIOMKGeerpJG4oMgkhI6PVaiGbyeJa/Bpq/7uGH9z5QV+vyjTodrp47fZruBq9OtEbLCHjoNVq4dbLt3Atfg3vL78/1Hu37W2kU2ncTN48U/RdhHa7jcVvLWIhtjB0zmWz2UQ2k8X1J6+PNae02+3CKpwKxs3KcMfiuHWMra9t4dA4xP3a/TFZGE4uncjsdrp4OfMybn/n9rRNCcRxHCzmFvFH/+2P+GREQoFffpUgXpNZEHVnhRIJCQuO4+BO8Q6uRq/irnn3QveKd2vvYiG2gMVvLY7Us+84jis8fxEbP6h/gGvxa8hmsmi1WiOzEQA2K5s4Mo5gFSx0u+f/Xdip72Dv8T3YX7qPw+3DEVoYXi6VyJQ8jy9f/zK++IUvjv3J6Dy8v/w+rsWv4cvXv4xUMnWup1NCJsnb1bcHukFt29vIpDO4mbyJlcbK5AzE7BU9EHIRxiEKddHqfVA8D3Ivu/XyrZGJQhGtC7GFkeSU7q7s4sHnd2B/6T6O9o9GYiMAWKVTj6h12/LN19ypn+7zxDjBiXGCj42PYS1aPTZsVbdwYpy4enS69rNooWnM9u/ZpRCZm9YmbiZv9oQE5EIdx5PRsDSbTWTSmR7hy5sjmVWGya/SeX/5fSzEFkZ68wniIqFEQmYNuebGGd6+6DWj38vG9TDZbrfx6rdfxUJsAW9X3x76/SftE2x9bQtNown7PXsMFp7uw7ptYfMV9/e0YW7gxDjBvee3cL92H7sru7CKp2LxyDhyCUqKzBlHzwMJCtM5joO75t2pVdsNmtzMMB+ZFS76Aw+4r7uLhvr86Be+JyRsTKNQZ1gHxzQKdYZ90HUcBxvmxtQKdQ6sA5wYJ9gwN3rWnbRPcGgcomk0lfeTInNGkRvYY5HHBhZl8vR2nsTk8yLCcdA2DdOqCCQEGH2oCrhYQUAQ48ovI2TSeHMap+FgGMTBMW0nyCDX/Cy0HNp+1sbe43uB4lZE6OZfngpmiswZRPJAzhteljYQw4YAh93HzeRNpFPpczWcnWZuG7mcjDttQ1JaLnLdnTd8T8KNaZrTNmEszFKqVFBHhllqnh4UvTjcPoT9pft48PmdqTZPdxwHJ8YJrILVd7sj4wjW4uk2FJkzhAiva/FrIynmGdbLOAij9pb2e3rrdrq4a94NPBbb9jbumnfR7XTRarVw17wb+COx0lhR25LLxaTahwjnacI8ivA9CS+GYcyV0Nza3ML1J6/PZGGq7uD4+gtfn8lcZ7nP/vK//mX82W/+2an3csiWROPgcPvw1Et5hi3SoxN4JDL7LRSZY0bPAxl17pX+9HaRsb15n6O0MSi3rdVq4YpxBY9FHvMtrni7+jauGFfQarWw0ljBFeNK4A36rnlXbUsuB+IVGMd1Nei+z8qnHEf4noSPH/zgB3jjjTfmRmhm0hn81jO/NdN5xK/dfg3Pf+X5mbaxdLeE72a/i39u//O0TQHwKBR+1pznUpAEPBKZUiDkXe49v0WROU7E2zju3Ct5ejvPk6V4G8ddSStPb4vfWlT/XzGu4IpxBZl0pmd7iszZwbbHU914XmZhSjfgkRfVLzoxzp55JFx86lOfwje/+c258WjeNe/irnl32mb05e3q23j1269O24xQ4TjOaauiYv9w+d7je9h7fA8Aw+VTYxJ5k37oLY/OypGRmRQmHfLwejLTqTSuGFd6CoUoMmcH0zSxtLQ0bTPw43d+PJM5jXpuWv3/1Ccaviezj2EYuHnzJhYWFuZCaFJkzi+SGxqEhNQlb5Mic8LoOY3Tyr06q+WRPrvJJOdb9SIi8+3q28ikM7gaverySlFkzg6VSgU//OEPUSwWp2bDwcEBfv4TP4+/rfzt1Gw4izfLb+K3f/O3p3pdXYROp4NGo8FlxMtTTz2FF198ER999NFcCE2KzPlls7IZGDLvdrvYftbGx8bHqik7ReaE0GcimJXcKz/BK60mph1mFPtEOLZaLTwWeQzZTFat9xOZt16+pX7g9CWTzlBkjpFSqYS//uu/xmc+85mpeTQPDg7wucc/N5V9D8O1+LVpm3BuGo0Gnn76aSQSCRiGwWVEy+///u/jxRdfBIC5EJoUmfPN1tdOhePmK5vYqe9gd2UXm5XN0/6Y/z//Um1LkTl+2u02Yp+M4au/89Wpt3HwY6Wxgmf/47P44rUvnrsl0TjQRSZwmmen/+8nMq8/eR2ZdKZnuRa/5isypy2k5wXTNPEzP/Mz+PVf/3UYhjEVodlqtUIh4MJgYxCNRgNf+MIX8J1vf4fLiJe/+qu/Usc57EKTInP+sUqWEpVSIW4tWj0tligyJ8CDBw9w4z/dmLYZfWm1Wvi1f/tr0zbDhVdkAnCFzS8SLtdzYq8/eX3mWliEDdM0YRgGGo0Gbty4MRWhSZE5fhqNRmiFT9gIs9CkyLw8OI4z0jnTZ5GZF5mtVsu3OnqWmMUbtJ/I1MPmFxGZt16+pYou2u02rsWvjbWVxbTDceNeTNPEs88+i62tLXS73akIzVk8h/0Ig41BUGROlrAKTYpMMk9QZI6AWbxB+4lM4FHYXM+zPI8nU0Sl4zg9RUWj5qmnnkKhUMDTTz8918v+/j4ATEVozuI57EcYbAyCInPyfPTRR/jmN7+JmzdvolwuT9ucgaDIJPMEReYImMUbdJDIBKAE5iiqy6UwaJwYhqES+y8Lkxaas3gO+xEGG4OgyJw8pmniypUr+OxnPxuawkWKTDJPUGSOgFm8QfcTmRI2v6jIfLP8Jm4mb4692v8yikxgskJzFs9hP8JgYxAUmZNFcp2j0ejMTXjQD4pMMk9QZI6AWbxBy9zlQdXuH9Q/uNDc5XfNuxMRmMDlFZnAI6GZSCRQKBTGtp9ZPIf9CIONQVBkTo6wCkyAIpPMFxSZIyAsN+hRcde8i1sv35rYvLWXWWQCQD6fxx/+4R8ik8mM7ZiH5RwOg41BNBoN/MEf/AFefPHFqRebzdui/z6EWWACFJlkvqDIHAFhuUGPgna7jccijyGdSrt6aY6z8Ocyi8zvfPs7MAxjrAITCM85HAYbg7BtG+l0msuIF9M01e9D2AUmQJFJ5guKzBEQlhv0KOh2ulhprPQs425hdBlF5qQEJhCeczgMNpLJIr8P8yAwAYpMMl9QZI6AsNygw8oTTzwx9RlFJrF89NFH6jNPUmAC4TmHw2AjmSyGYeDpp5+eC4EJUGSS+YIicwSE5QYdVqLRKH7lV35l6nlf41peeeUVfO5zn8PW1haAyQtMIDzncBhsJJPllVdewZ07d+ZCYAIUmWS+oMgcAWG5QZPZRMJ8W1tbSmAmk0l0Op2J2RCWczgMNpLJ8txzz+GP//iP50JgAhSZZL6gyBwBYblBk9lERKZUHU9aYALhOYfDYCOZLPPiwRQoMsk8QZE5AsJygyaziWma+JM/+RN8+tOfnorABMJzDofBRjJZ5klgAhSZZL6gyBwBYblBk9mkUqmgWq0ik8lMRWAC4TmHw2AjIReBIpPMExSZIyAsN2gym5imOTUPphCWczgMNhJyESgyyTxBkTkCwnKDJrPJ8vLyVAUmEJ5zOAw2EnIRKDLJPEGROQLCcoMmJIiwnMNhsJGQi/BK9hV8/YWvT9uMvvzpf/9TfOn6l6ZtBgkBFJkjICw3aEKCCMs5HAYbCbkIaytrePyTj+PWy7fQarWmbY6LbqeL17/3Oh6LPIa/+19/N21zSAigyBwBYblBExJEWM7hMNhIyEVxHAdvlN7A1ehV3CneQbfTnbZJeKvyFq5Gr+K126/NhD0kHFBkjoCw3KAJCeLBgwd44ueemLYZZxIGGwkZFe12G4vfWsRCbAHv1t6dig0rjRXcTN5EJp3Btr09FRtIeKHIHAEUmSTsHB0dIfbJGL7/3e/PpJei3W7jq89/Fb969VenbQohE2fT2kQ6lUY6lcamtTmRfbbbbdx6+dZUBS4JPzMvMg8ODvDcF5+bthl9OTg4wOce/9y0zSDkQhwdHeG1269hIbaAtypvTdscAI/ChguxBdwp3kG73Z62SYRMjbcqb2EhtoBXv/3q2K4Fx3Fw17yLq9GruGveheM4Y9kPuRzMvMi8t3UPT/zcE/jJP/1k2qYE8hf/4y8YxiNzwzS8Jn68v/w+rsWvzWQBBCHTotvp4k7xDhZiC3ij9MZIReD7y+9jIbaAWy/f4gMdGQkzLzIB4PZ3bo/96e08bNvbSKfS+I1rv4Ef/e2Ppm0OISPl3dq7WIgtYPFbixO97prNJjLpDK4/eR0f1D+Y2H4JCRPNZhPZTBbX4tcufJ1s29vIpDO4mbyJlcbKaAwkBCERmcB4n96Gpd1uz1xYkZBx4DgO7hTv4Gr06tivO2mPcjV6FW+W3xzbfgiZJz6of4DrT15HNpNFs9kc6r285si4CY3IFFqtFm69fGskT2/n4c3ymzPVVoKQSaBfd+8vvz/y8eW6ev17r/O6IuQcSMujQa8hXnNkEoROZAoXeXoLw/4ImUVGfR2sNFZw/cnrbI9CyAgYJMrGa45MktCKTGHcT2PiwWF+GCGPuOh1N27PKCGXGakX0HMsec2RaRB6kQk8yisZZY7kLOWAEjKLnCc3Wa6rSeR4EnLZebf2Ln7p3/wSnvr3TyF2JcaWRGTizIXIFEZVISdVta/dfm2mqtkJmUUGve6mVa1OyGWm2+ni+9/9Ph48eDBtU8glZK5EpiD99Ya9mc1Kf8DLgGmavsvy8jJs2562eVOldXyM0tYq/ml323f9zuEhSlur6Ha7ru1bx8e+26/u76G0tToucxVBIpLXFSGEXE7mUmQCj2YKGWTWAj3sx+mzJoNhGIjFYkin064lEonAMAyUSqVpmzg1Vvf38MxPP8Sz/7LvKxz/wbbwzE8/VOtk+9X9Pd/xSlureOanH47VZkGfLeT2t2/j9/7r72EhtoC3q29PZP+EEEJmh7kVmUK73cbitxaxEFvwTXbWp6xjrsrkMAwDS0tLPa87joNMJgPDMC5tFb+Ixmd++iG+sbfRs36WRabQarVw4ws38Lv/+XfZHoVMBauygfWX1rDx3DrWX1rDenkdh9uH0zaLkEvF3ItMQUJ2mXQGm5ub+Mf3/xHXn7zOKeumRJDIBADLsmAYBsrlcs+6TqeDRqOBRqOBTqfjuw44fbhoNBouoSqvBX3fzWbTd2wZ1y/1wrKsHjFsWVbPvodBROOr9hqe+emH+Pt7bqEZBpFJyLQ4bh3DurGBh8YB1l9Yw5q5ivVba9gzdvDQOID93v1pm0jIpeHSiEzhRz/8EWKfjOEX/9UvcvqsKdJPZNZqNRiGgVqt5nq9XC4jGo0iEokgkUggEom4wuqNRgOGYaBarapwvGEYyOfzPa95910oFGAYBuLxOOLxOCKRiBK5juMgGo0in8+73tNsNl12WpaFRCIBwzCQTCZhGAYymUyPGD4LXTR+Y2+jJ2xOkUlIMBvPreOBYaO56X7IcxwH1o0NfGjs96wjhIyHSycyATB8NwOIABPPoSzFYlGJSD19QbybhUJBibZ6vQ7DMLC8vAzgkcjU35vP55W4FM9iuVxGJBJR21QqFdc4so1hGKjX62qcWCzmsqlYLCIajcJxHDiOo3JMxVPabDYRj8d7xOlZ6KKxdXyMZ/9l3xU2DxKZLx5u4ht7Gz3Llz++T5FJxsJx6xi7K7uB6w+3Dycaorbfu9/XW9ntdnHviU3ce4IFaIRMgkspMsn0MQzDd4nFYi4hKeRyOZcwFFKpFDKZDAC3J1MQIVooFNRr4oGU0HoymVRj6Oivi8jVhaguIMX7qq8HTqvoDcMYypvp9Uz+/b0NV9h8VCJzdX+PecjkQqyZq3hoHASu33huHRvPrU/Onvwq9oyd/tsUTm1mfiYh44cik0wFb8i60WggHo8jmUz65jKmUilEo9GeavRYLIZ4PK7G0MWj/pp4JIHTohR9u0gkAtM0e/a5tLSkxgaARCKBXC7nGteyLACnXk3DMHrsk7C5bKfzT7vbPYIQ8A9/f2NvAzc6D9A+OblwuPwfbAsvHm7if95bxYuHmyhvrfm+j5CzmDWRufHcOrYSvdeazr13tvDQOMC9d7YmZBUhlxeKTDIV/PIiW60WotFoT6gcOPUqJpNJ396akjspwk8v7PETnsOIzGQyqf4vlUqIRCLodDpYWlpCIpFQ6ySnM6j/p1+x0TAiU8LmuQdrFxaZ/6W1hebREQCgfXKCZ/9lH+2TE9/3EtKPWROZ9ifunbm/3ZVdPDQOYFX7i1FCyMWhyCRTIajwRwp0vOuy2SxSqVTP9vV6XXkJzysyg8LlmUxGeS6B0+p0CcdHo1FX0ZHkdXrFpG3bqNfrFwqXCxI2/8bexoVEpghM4FRkPvPTD1Vjd0KGYdZE5sZz62fmW1pVCw+NA+zUtydjFCGXGIpMMhX6VZdLn0xdGC4vL8MwDFQqFfWabduuCvPzikwp8tFD2rI/Pb9TbJMKcr2lUbvdRjQaxdLSkhKUjuMgmUz6iuN+9BONIjBHVV3+qr2G798f/2xAZD4Rkblmrvoug3gWx2HPSTvYM7+2uIoPjX0+WBEyASgyyVToJzJbrZZvhfnS0pJrpiDJgRTOKzKlAXwkElG5lBL69iIFPn6ez+XlZdViKZ1OIxqNIhqNDt0vs59olLD5RUWm4zh41V7D4vYai3/IuRFR12+ZpMg8bh1jz9jB+i3/POPmZvO0f2bAekLIaKHIJFPhrGbl0hjdG2a2bRulUgnlcrnn/dI0XRdN8po+juM4vmNblqVyPIPmT5f3BjV0b7fbqFarME3TJWyHodvtYnV/L9DT0jw6clWGn7V96/jYJUAdx0HuwRq+Sw8muSDDhsutqqVaCK3fWsPR/lHge89Lc7OJD419rL+wpirIu90urMrGqQB9gQ9WhEwKikxCLhmv2hSYZDQMIzJP2ifYM3bUw9B6aQ3Wjd5pU0eB/d59bCWsHq/q+i0KTEImCUUmIZeIrYOmyunUF31GIUIGZViRqfem3F3ZHVlTdMdxfAt5ut0udld2sbuyi+MWz3FCJg1FJiGEkHNxkeryjefWsWaOxqO+Xl7H+kvMsyRk1qDIJIQQci7OIzIdx8H6rbWR5UaetE/wwLBdXtJutxuKsHir1UKj0XB1qiBknqDIJIQQci52V3b7eiOtquVqet7tdrGVsLBWGF1O8FphtWe89ZfWsF4an2ezXC6r2byi0ahr2tqz6HQ6yOfziMfjril1s9lsYEHheUmn04FdPIKIx+O+nTUmjbcLyCwg0wSHZdxh8c5y58ewtk7/UxFCCLkUWDc2RhYiB4DD7UM8MGxXX8zdlV08MOyxeTJt24ZhGCgWi7BtG5VKBZFIBMVi8cz3Oo6DeDyOaDSKYrGoumyUy2U1Re4ohSZF5mhpNBpjOTbjGndYlpeX1Qx6QVBkEkIImTl26tuqb6YsF+1Xuf7SGtbL7nD8VsIa67zk2WzWNd0sAORyuTM9QMCj6WeXl5d71skEEPl8fmS2UmSSUUORSQghZOY4bh2rSm9ZmpvDTVTgZae+7fJYrpfXsZUY/5zk3hzKZDKJRCJx5vsSiQSy2Wzg+mq1qmYey+Vyvt7RfD7vmtK2Wq0inU4jEokgm82iVqupdV6R2el0YJqmCvWn02nX9sAjkVksFhGPxxGLxZDNZn37CsskFolEAsViUX0XMsGFVzDn83nkcjl0Oh1kMhlfr1k2m0W1Wu0RmdVqFblcDvV6HalUCpFIBLlczjVTm23bSKfTsCwL8XgcyWRS9VNeXl5WE2147QWAUqmEQqGAarWKZDKJWCyGpaUll2dZjrXOIOOWSiVlt0zmodsdNK4c36BjpeM4DorFotpHPB5HLpfrOVf1cdPptGvcUqnkmkpZXpPjkc/nUSwWKTIJIYRcLvwKgMZNs9lU3kmvWPPS6XRgGMaZYkEoFAqIRCIucSfCSzyhMiWuTP4gAkAmk/CKzEwmg2g0inK5rLaPRCIum+LxuBKsy8vLME0T0WjUNctZvV5XYqlWq6FarSKRSLiEUrVadU3NK/+L7dlsFrFYzPWZZYY227Z7RKZpmohEIojFYqhWq2g0Gshms4hGo0oIyvvj8TiWlpaQzWbhOI7ad6FQQKPRQKVSUTPHCUtLS4hGo0gkEqjX66jX6+rhQUSj14snM8AtLS2h0WigWq36jhuPxxGPx1EqlVCr1ZBIJFzfrXfcer2uRHSj0UCpVOr5nrzI8axUKir8Lt+j93vzjivfkTcns1wuIxKJqPMrl8upHOJBocgkhJAx0mw2YRhGT4h1EORm2Q+ZCnVWOGmfjLUnZdD4J+0TV5HRuJHcTCnaOSsHVMLh9Xp9qPFFAACnXqVoNArHceA4jhJOOtlsVnk6dZEpAsMbqveKWfEA6hSLRUSjUfV/IpHoSQ+wLKvn8+VyOcRiMViW1VMgJcdDD4fn83nlEfYTmV77HcdRHkfgkcjUw/2O4yAajfZ4kL3HV6Yt1md7a7fbLnHnFYPi5R1kXH2GOvku5Fh5x00mkz3jFgqFQC94u91GOp12nSuyb/178rNXH1ffPuihSLzgg0KRSQghY6RQKCCRSMAwDFeIbBDCIjIdx8FaYRV7xo6aXedDYx9r+dXA6U5HMn5hdWqtijqdDhzHQa1WU+HETqejprLVl06no0TYWR5PnWQy6fIgJhIJFYKW8frlLOois1Qq+YoDEUUiePzOOfEEtlotJT7Ee6cv0WjUJfA6nY7yjOoeQUFCsMAjMSgCOUhkesnn80oUi8jUha485PnlwcbjcSV8l5aWfFMe0um0CiHrNgwzrtdjK+8VUaiPKw8PXsE4KDL1caVSQTKZ7BGN/cbVRabuVdYR7/mgUGQSQsiYEE9LuVxGIpE4VxFGGETm+ktrp/OC31rDvXe2sFPfxlp+9VQILl6smtxxHKy/cDr+2uIq7Pfuu8fPT3+KVN1LKDdnfWk0Gko89KtCbzabrhxAuaG3220lKuVBRRd+QegiM6g9jYg5ER9+hT/6vmT7ZDKpzj190fNFgUfFTn6fWzykItbls+p26SLTz34JCwOPhJHuNZTX/MS49/j4XUf667oY7Deuft36jes95vq43nWDUqvVVFssSW9Ip9PqmA3yUKKfI0Hnl7w+KBSZhBAyJiQkaNu2uhkGNd7udDool8vIZDKqoMErMh3HQaVSQTabVTlz0xaZa/nThuz2e/d71t17ZwsPjQPfKR8HZf2ltTPH313ZPff4w1Iul3u8O+12W4VpgzyZwKlnMpVK+Xpf5YFEF1ISrq1UKsojLoiw9XrHpcE7MJwnU8Y5S2SKR6xSqZx5rETYSKGO11bx6NXrdWSzWZfX9iKeTF0Y9fM4xmIxJYr7eTLFKzmoJ9M77jAiM8jjKOeVtwALePQd5nI517mZz+eVAIdXSxwAABJ8SURBVA8SrzKu4zgukSnf3dg8me12G7FYrOcH0bIsV/gnFouhUCiMfMYCvyqnsygUCj1PUdPCLz9iXLTbbddFlcvlLnwcvNVupmmOtLXGWdTrdaTTac6EQUJNNpvtyTHzS953HAepVArxeBzlclkVW0QiEZfIzOfzKiRZqVRUKHJaIrPb7Z7prVwvrV2oinzc4w+LPAToVCqVgULh8tDh17xdRKD3/BDxJYUjQqfT8S0GSaVSKsdOF5kiwPxyMg3DUML3LJEp23jPOW/YXXqCptNpOI7TU0QjiI2RSMR1/C6Sk+n1vvnlInpzZPvlZPqJwWHGHUZkyvH1y530FoIJ4gXWbXccR+m0fvbKuF6R6TgOIpFIz7k6spxMPXlYkIqnZDKJYrGISqWCXC6HaDQ68iayg3Se93KenmDjwpt8PC7a7Tai0ajLBT5IiO0svCe9XMyT6llGkUnCjtyg9N9REQtexDug/4bKzaqfSGi1WlMVmdL7clx9KQ+3D8c6/nnQ+1nW63UUi8WeiuJ+SAW4tKWR+6gUEPntLxKJuELJgvxO53I51Go15PN5l9jw3hNzuZx6cKnX60pg6veqQUSmXl2+vLyMSqWCRCKBVCql3iPCUd5j27avaKlWq4hEIipsLgSJTBlDKtrj8bg6LkEiU+yXavhyuaxCyrJPEZnihTRNE7FYzOVd9d4XZdxUKoVqtRo47rAiU46vtJiSLgBBM0vJA0cmk0G9XldOomg06nqAEHuDxvXqLtleWmNJq6wLi0w5GfQvvNFo9DxVe7fv1/9rWCgyB8OvYe04RCYA1YOLEHI24pnShYF4HLzepKWlJd9rS/fSBIU7hw2XH7eOsWaunnvRm59bVQsPjYOh2gbZ790feHwJh0+yLdEg1Go11Y/QrzfiIO+XSmq56QeFn6UgRhc7OtVq1WWLHkHzi+5J30PZrzfilsvlel7ze+iXPpnRaBTJZBKmaar1zWbTd+xyuYx0Ou0SgeIx80bKpGJaBLPuyUwmk4hGo1haWnJ576RPpp9zQj6D5JN6vzMRg6VSSYnXfD7v8hz69bOUcXUHnF//Tb/PJt7OfuMahtHjxfZDWiPJ5yuVSmi1Wqpv6CDj+kWQ5fzS+7AO83vjKzIl30dHZjQIupBE+YtRfiEheeIRWq0WSqUSMpkMSqWS62TxE5nNZhPFYlHlSHjzO0RkSkhfxvXa7DgOyuUystkslpaWei7uUqnUY3+9Xlf5NuVy2TcsUq1W1UWli8xWqwXTNOE4jvq8xWJRXWiSh1Uul3uewPrZ2mq11JPo0tKSK3FbjkM+n1deaTkOzWYTpmn27KvdbqvX/USm5KB4XfKVSgX5fF59L3plnzT/bbVa6nPk8/meBrvFYtGVrC05bHKBV6tVLC8vw7ZtFAoF9WPgDR3oxyuXyw2UN0TIOJAffL/F+/saJBRTqdSZhRtBBQtBjFJk2u/dx0PjYKhw9TAi8zzjzxviER+mKj1MeHNCgxj3/N7DXkdkMHq+saDyeekePwjyxO0VMfF4XFWYtVotRKNRldOZyWRc+/X+oEqIIpvNwjRNFV7QxWA6nUYsFlNPOLKN/gQoeQrilZXqtn5NZJvNpsuLm8/nEYvFXOJVnsbkqUAXmeLCl2ovScaV2R+k3UEsFnON67VV3PeSON5PZMpY+XxeHVu5sYlr3etpFVe/4ziBF7Q8tev2yXdomqZ6QhJPjV6JmEgk1OeMRqPqOBYKBSSTSUQiESVgveGZdDqNVCqlnuglFKN7fySvzXu8+MNBJo0kzUsTY32RsJw3j9rvPNUr0iVP00s2m53aOX7SPsFD4wBWZSNwm6P9o5kdf5Zpt9uqAbb3fjMPSIFSOp0eqIcsRWY46fnGxFulh1+l2mnQ8K9U2uluWG9rAW//LwBKcAG9TUH9mqlKfomef6L/D7hbQACPklx1d7o8SeleL30mgVQq5UpYlhuIHvISUSTj+olMPYQtdumveasFRUDqHj5v8UBQuFyfBUEfS+zzm2s3lUqpkEXQBZ3L5dT3IKE/fd8ituVz6SJTjp8cD/2Hxdv41U9ker2oso0cL8l10o+XnM+DzrJByCiQB0k/YSC/N3pLl1Kp1CMkxIMl15JeqS5IrvQ0b47SWigI+xP3LjTV47jHn1Xk99X7GzsviDMqEom4frODoMgMJz3fmPyQ6QJFb88wKJlMxtUOQG8zMEizUV1kivjyXmjyuohDvycibyJwIpFAMpns8S7EYjGXp1aq62OxWI9wlXH07cVLKfiJTD2MHJTEr3/OIFv1fQeJTO/FEpS4Le/zPlwEXdDFYrHvHL3etitin/7AEdQvTj9mfiLTu19vnzLJo/Eer3g8HpjPRMio8T5o+SHNu0VUStPqbDaLZrMJ27ZV3pyM4ziO+o1rNBpoNpsqWjPVFkaF1cDinPXyOh4aB64Q+KyNP6tIa5l5LX4UT61ftTSZH3pURFByeSwW69tE1os8hTWbTZW4LN4keZK/aFNQESsiTPTO/IJXZAblSPn9UEtbCr+bhcz52el0lAjXRbOfyNSFql8jV69glCqufrYOWvjjdwz12Ra8jW6DRKYcE0H69OktrSRdQbfPW+jg95Bxlsj0fj/eY9jvePUTxoSMEjl3+/2+SSRDz7NrNptKWBqGoXKP9Wu50+kor75hnFYVB4XaJ8VJ+wRbCQsfGvtYv7UGq2phvbyOrcRpUdD6S2szPT4hZHz0qAj58fO6r/V+b34UCgVXYZAIS9M0VesjvfLMT3jo6CJTF6w63qalftXlXpEpuYBnIT2+pFedd9+6sKxUKj2hMT+RqQu8QUSmLgKDuIjI1Oej9bat6OfJlNfF6y3tM2TsZDLZIzK9N9xxiEyvN5oQMhm63S7W/nwVDwxbTft474lNrJfXR5JLOO7xCSHjoUdFyM1dD+0CjzxYfiHzZrPpmzMpIfKlpSXXuqAmn3qzUb/O8968Om+O0iAiU3pHeYt2pDRfWFpaQjQaRbvd7snJFDKZjEq69+53FCJzEFtFaOuCfVCRKWLfr1CrX06mzMOazWZ75mTV57X1+0z68Rm1yJScXL/jxZxMQgghZLL0qIh+s1JIlXKxWES9Xke73UatVlMhUm84W8RhNBrt8VpKE9BSqaTGiUQiyhPlrS6Xpu8yjp5rJ6JiEJEpuYjZbBaWZaHVaqlKZfG0inj1Vpd7RXGtVlPNTv1E1EVFZj9b9bEM47QxsIjtQUUmAFWx7RVwQSIzmUyq70i83vKd6Hlk/cL5YvOoRab873e8vDm1hJD5wHGcmWrWTgh5hG+plh7u1HEcB4VCQQkrPT8w6CYuLW78elVK6FWWTCajkoC9IlO8m0HbA4OJTOBUwOifIZlMKs+tFPx4C0XE2+etpJbZjryMQmSeZasg4l+8isOITPFQewWfn8gUD7R4UR3HURX+hmGotkgShpc2S5MSmcDpA4L3eE1qek9CyORxHAcPDHvmGrYTQgJEpkzz1K+qzbIsNal6P1KpVOBUSEKj0Rh4SkrHcQba7yA0m80LT4UZi8UmMrPPKGz1Q77rQY5nuVz2bcjvOM6ZjXQnzbiOFyFk9rj3ztZctjEiJOwENp1KJpMXzmOTcO+8hiql4CesLSY6nY6r2fNZxOPxvsVahBAyLawbGwybEzJjBIpM6R15Ho+h5GJKruC8oTfJnYQXcxxI7mQsFhvI4yfzxRJCyCxyuH2IB4Z9aarNy+Wyal8l7fv6NTUfpOH5sHinAg6aHnVcyP7S6XRPi0XLslzrvWlmg9DpdEbax1NsGcbxNo3jOkr6ts+vVCrnOjFlju559XrJfNznOWlnhXq97jtXehC1Wm3mQuKEEKKztrgKqzrfv1PSMSOoJ7D3vluv15FIJEbqELEsC6lUyhUFkxx5v4LRcaF/bu+Uq1JXIMuwufmVSgWxWGyksy2JLcOMOY3jOkrCaTUhhBDiodvtTtuEsSPdTyKRCMrlMhqNBqrVqopOecWWNO8fpciUIlxdZLZaLZimOdHonldg6x5CfdKC84jM8wjCs5DjM0y9AEUmIYQQMmM4joPdlV2sl9Zgv3c/UIDuruziaP/Id12328Xuyu5MiVfx0HknR9HDwyJipFhTusCYpqnCv51OB5VKRQmfWq3mqi+wbRumaaJcLqPdbqNUKqFareJv/uZvlKBNJpNqTD+RWa1WYZombNtGq9VS+/MLFzuOg1qtpmyRz6rb7EXvIqK3XpROKJFIBLFYrEdkOo6jbDNNE9Vq1bdPtAhpr0BdXl5Wx8Yb7W00GjBNU039apqm8i77icxOp4NyuazWyfHWx6PIJIQQQmYEq2phz9hRswPJYt3YwEn7xLXtQ+MAa4urvuPsruzioXGA3ZXdSZg9EHpNQDqd7hFIOiIw9aXVasFxHDUVsL7EYjElmqSNXCwWUyIuEongK1/5iu+YfmJIvIkyuYn+Hl2MttvtHnv0lICgzyfrC4WCeg/wSJil02l1DHSh6PVyigdYPrt3neRDdjodpFIp17pIJIJKpaLGFoGazWbVZ5Z6Bq93VGYW9O4vHo8roUmRSQghhMwIa+aqEo7igTxpn+DeO1vYM3Zg3dhwFQeFTWQCj3oj60sikXCJHSDYkyl9n1OpFBqNBpaXl5XHr1QqAXgkMkX0SA9kPTSvezL7iUzDOJ3EpdFoqNcikYjaLpfLKUFbqVRUPuSgIlNPIXAcRwk90zR7RKaI9Hg8jkajgXq9rraRQuUgT2Y+n1efu1arqeOod5nR35tOp1EoFNT7vSJTxstkMmg0GmpSGt0rS5FJCCGEzADHrWN8aOxjreAvGnfq2/jQ2Mf6rTX1WhhFJnBamCJiz+sB1EV0UE6m4zhKGLVarZ7tdJHpLSbyy8nsJzL1aaX9thOPnz61swjHQUSmzAAof8t+9de9IW8Zs91uK5Grfx4/r6Pf8ZB9iTgXkRmNRnvC/N4xvd9Ds9lU36l3MheKTEIIIWSKrBVOvZjekLhrm8VVfGjsq23CKjIFmZZZD+PqIiZIZC4vL7tmbPOGsXWR6RVLw4rMftt1Oh1fu2W2uEFFptgkU1aLV9NPZMr23hB+P5Fp27Z6LZVKqfxXGV/eG5Qz6zcmcOpZ7fc9UGQSQgghM8D6S2uwP3Gv/zbldTw0DmC/dx/AqcjcSlhYM1d7l8XVmROZmUxG5WJ6EdEkXjXAX2SWy2XlbSsWi0pwBolML8OKTL2H5aCezGFFptgrY0keZVC4PBKJoFAooFarqZzOQUVmoVBQhTp68RDwSGT69bX0jin7jcViKBQKqNfr6mGBIpMQQgiZIe49sYn1F9b6biPeSemn6S0O8ltmSWSKcPNOlqKLIF2s+YlMKbLRZ/WTPE+ZBloXbV6GFZn6vv22kyIffTw9t3EQkamLUn2fXpEpNunTXcvn0cP6Mo70w5aKdcMwXLmvlUoF9XpdFQ0NIzJFEOsPDPLdUGQSQgghM4R1YwPWjY2+2+zUt/HQOFBTUIYtXK7nKkYiEeRyOeRyOSVYvLmA4qFMJpMoFApot9tK1EnhT7FY7AkZi8iMx+M9Nogoi8fjKBaLaLfbFxKZlUpFvRaPx3sqrgcRmYC7mt77mldkJhIJ1Ot1lEolJR51YSiFR5lMRnli9QIl8WDK9yCTlQwjMvWcVT3kT5FJCCGEzBjrt9awZ+z0nVrSqmzgoXGAw+1DAOETmcBpuNubTygCzdu3UQ97G4YBy7LUtNHyWiwWUwJHcgn7icx6ve4as9FoXEhkAnAJrGg06hKeg4pMGUPyMYFekWlZlkuMRqNRVeUdjUbV++Q13Zvb6XR8K/v9WhgNIjLr9brre4zFYuoBIJPJ9D1eYSGcVhNCCCEexEu5Xl73Xe84Dh4YNu49saleC6PIBKDaBnnDtX7Yto1KpdIze83y8jLq9To6nQ4cx1FiEYDyTgZNJ2zbtppxSLdH34dt2yqU7bXbW+QDnH4/sj89/B3UjF3GkfXSr1O3WUS13uBc3ru8vOzqR9loNFwPKPV6HdVqtad5vG3bqFarvlNLiw1+Dee99gq1Wg31eh2O4/QcH7/jFSYoMgkhhMwNa3++ij1jBzv1bdfr3W4X6y+dejrFiwmEV2TOE+IdFE9ss9l0FcWQ8EKRSQghZK6QqnDrxgbW8qtYf2ENDwy7R2ACFJmzgJ5n6l2GnXOczBYUmYQQQuYO+737WH9hDRvPrWNtcRX33tny7Z+5Zq6qdkZejlvHWDNXcdw6Hre5lx7btlEsFpFOp5HJZALnOCfhgiKTEEIIIYSMHIpMQgghhBAycigyCSGEEELIyKHIJIQQQgghI4cikxBCCCGEjJz/B4fWRM4XkQyBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Solution
The top solution shows the Curtius Rearrangement, while the bottom is an example using the Hofmann Rearrangement.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Exercises \(\PageIndex{1}\)
1) Using a carboxylic acid starting material explain how to prepare the following molecules using both the Hoffman and Curtius rearrangements.
a)
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAPAAAAByCAYAAABtLVxBAAAHfElEQVR4nO3cP2jbaBjHcR+nUFpny5AbTYeWQjnIZUg6miyGDhmyeMngpUuWTtk6BApZCoEGLzl3yblDIVMwB+U6NUMzxVBr8dLQwR08aQgetDw39OSTXsu2JP+RHvv7AUO52q7O6Gc976PndU4AqJVL+wAAJEeAAcUIMKAYAQYUI8CAYgQYUIwAA4oRYECxhQqw3bKldlYTu2WnfSjAXCxUgGtnNbFyltTOamkfCjAXBBhQjAADihFgQDECDChGgAHFCDCgGAEGFCPAgGIEGFCMAAOKEWBAMQIMKEaAAcUIMKAYAQYUI8CAYgQYUIwAA4oRYEAxAgwoRoABxQgwoBgBBhQjwIBiBBhQjAADihFgQDECDChGgAHFCDCgGAEGFCPAgGIEGFCMAAOKEWBAMQIMKEaAAcUIMKAYAQYUI8CAYgQYUIwAA4oRYEAxAgwoRoABxQgwoBgBBhQjwIjk9ttt2oeAEAsT4Ha7LVtPt2Tz8aZsPd3ihJuS93+9lwcrD8TKWbL5ZFN+/PiR9iHBR32AHceRo1dHYuUssXKW3Lfu9/98/PpYene9tA9RpU6nI5X9Sv+ztH757/NduS/187q4rpv2IUIUB9h1Xamf12Vtda1/klX2K/L169fAibe2uiYXHy7SPlw1enc9qZ5WJb+S73+Gu8935d2f7+TZ78/6/23j0YY0b5ppH+7SUxng5k1TitvF/slU3C4OnEzXX65l49FG/zmlnZLYLTulI9bh6vOVFNYL/c+svFceWIo0LhuB51T2K9LpdFI5XigLcLfbHbi61s/rQ5/vuq7UzmqBq8nBiwNxHGeOR519t99uZff5bv8zKqwX5Orz1dDn9+56cvLmpP/8/EpeqqdVyuoUqAiw67oDZd3Rq6PIQXQcRw5eHAROuNpZbelPuN5dT45fHycOYqfTkfJeOXLwMX2ZD7BZ1u0+35V2u53oveyWLaWdUmAdd/3lespHrMPFh4uB/kG32030XuZyJaz0xmxkNsC3324Hvt0bl42pvHfYybss6zi7ZY/tHyQRtlw5eXPCXYAZy1yAzfXVrE4Es3y0cpZUT6sLe8KZywivfzDtZUTYvzOtL14MylSAG5eNuV8Zwxo4i3TChV0ZD18ezryRZ17pJ1n6YLhMBLjdbqe+Np3mWjsrzLVpGv9P5nIlTvMR46UaYMdx5PDlYWa6w5N2u7PCnKJKu6pwHCewXBl3+w/RpRLgsCmqLN2fjXu/OSvm1T9Iqt1uB5Yr02qgLbO5B9icosryhFSUia+sMCekynvlzHbWzeXKwYuDSLewvN1m3iPuedPtdgOvH/beR6+OYr2v+fryXjn265OaW4DNsk7LjPKwaiHpPdNpM69qhfWCinvb5sx1lOWTGeCNRxuxllsEOIGw4XiNu4TC1utpjg+au7DS7h8kZX6xj2pgmgH2lghREeCYwjq72id0wq548x4fzHJFkFTzphnomFf2KwM9kbAAWzkrcmedAEcUdzheo7A156y/nDStyZPwliv5lbyUdkoD1cSwABe3i5EqDwI8xrDheG3lclTz6vpq7Yon5ThO6FXVHxL/l6eV+zlFNw4BHmGaw/HamLtypjU+uCj3pafFDIk5CjuuAiLAIcwdPotW1sVx/eU6cGWY5BbZIk6GTcoMieu6A5/3qFKaAPuYXdlZDcdrM+ns8Sx3YWkXFpLmTTMQylG/SEqAJdhoSHKCLouwHxEY9QUXtp5e5P5BEsNCYt5OG1ZKL32AzVZ/aae09GXdOOaunLAfg1vm/clxDAtJ764XqZSOGuDCekHKe+VYD/MHDeYlUoCzNhyvkRnS4nZR3p68lT8ebwTCrWGKKi2jrnJmKR3WpY8a4EkfmQuwP7xZGo7XxtyVc+/Xe2Llfv6WtcYpqnkbV6aak3JmFbO0AfYaK5R10/Hx74+yem9VrJwlD397KN+/f0/7kFQYF2DHcQY6935RA1zaKUntrBbr4W88jgqw3bKlelrtl96HLw8nqmYzsaF/WWkfK523KI2iq89XQ0vptJtY/grBfBS3i4kukAQYakTt9JqltDdQlGaA6+d1sXL/D/l4yyX/eOy4+9hhCDDUiBpgx3ECDUPvuWkG2DuesC20/tI/bhOTAEONOPdaP/3zKRDWxmUjtQB3Op3+3w27wnrNzbgz7gQYasQdlvDfPcmv5MVu2akEuHfXE7tlj9yR5w2jEGAsrLgBNktp/0BNGk2sYfwz3XG33RJgqJEkJGYpncUAew2uwnoh9owFAYYaSUPiv0ebtQD7v2CS7FwjwFAjaUi63W5g801WAuwP76hdVKMQYKgxSZnauGxkKsBe2TxJeEUIMBSZdMueWUoPe+9ZB9g/Dz/pTysTYKjR7XbFbtlit+xEY6iO4/Rfb643/e+dZKQxyrG5rtvfI55fyU9l5xkBBubEG/FcW12b2j56AgzMgbcGH/WLIUkQYGDG/F3wkzcngTLefMQt3wkwMGPmz9+OesRtoBFgYMbq5/XIv63FLDSwRAgwoBgBBhQjwIBiBBhQjAADihFgQDECDChGgAHFCDCgGAEGFPsXGpUCyUAOGNwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
b)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Answers
-
1)
a) The top solution shows the Curtius Rearrangement, while the bottom is an example using the Hofmann Rearrangement.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
b) The top solution shows the Curtius Rearrangement, while the bottom is an example using the Hofmann Rearrangement.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAApAAAACMCAYAAADLPpmZAAAgAElEQVR4nO3dX4gj6Xku8FqjCtlt4TV0TPnGpjegCcYHHzrGaC9OYCdl2OYoZAwVSNtoCB1SQ6CxGeWiTwwachqvskk0oQnlOTFFkwtlCa7QJxgxyY3mSh3QQBY1djUGEajGF+WLyk1dFHNRN8+56PPVqlSl/3+q1P38oGCmpZZK3S3p0fd97/tJICIiIiKag5T1CRARERHRdmGAJCIiIqK5MEASERER0VwYIImIaGlhGMKyLACA67rodDoTr+/7Pmzbhu/7qZe7rovBYDDXOcxym47jzHWbRJSOAZKIiJZWq9VQKpUA3IbJcrkM27bHXr/T6UCSJKiqijAME5fX6/Xo9mYlblPTtNTL6/X62MuIaD4MkEREtLAgCFCv1yFJUizw9Xo9lEql1HAIfBb2JEmCaZqJy5cJkJIkod1up94mAyTRajBAEhHRQhzHgaIoUBQF1Wo1FvjCMESxWES32039XhH2qtUqZFlOTC1PCpCDwSB1Knr0Nj3PS9wmA+RqXF5eolAoRIF91UehUMCf/dmfZf0waQIGSCIiWki320Wz2UQQBDBNMxH46vU6KpVK6veKsOe6LkqlUmIqezRADo90ikOW5dhIo7hN3/dRLBYTYZEBcnW+9a1v4R//8R/Xdvu//OUvsbu7O3Y9K2WPAZKIiJaWFiC73S5kWU69vgh7nufBtu3EVPZogGw2m5BlOSqscRwHmqZBlmUEQRC7zeF/DwdMBsjV6PV6qFara78f0zRRr9fXfj+0GAZIIiJaWlqAFMHQdd3E9YcDJAA0Go3YVPZogOx2u4np8G63C0mSolA5HCABQNf12FR2WoD0fT8x1U3jhWEIRVE2Us2+yfui+TFAEhHR0tICpOd5kCQJvV4vcf3RABmGYWwqO20NpOd5aLfbMAwDmqahWCxCkqSo2ns0QPq+D0VRomn00QDZaDRQqVSgaRpHumZkmiaazWbsa2m/30WEYYhOpxNbytDr9aCq6kpun1aLAZKIiJY2KUCm9YQcDZAAYlPZowFSXL9UKkHXdViWBcuyJgZI4LNRylarFQuQg8EgFkwqlQr6/f7yP4g7TATy4XWJjuNMrLafl/jdDqtWq6lV9ZQtBkgiIlpaWoDs9/szj0AKYipbVdVYX0lZlqHreuy6IhxOCpDAbY9KWZaj0cZRQRBAUZSJfSvp9uc4Gu4qlcrKRiCB2w8d40KqWOtK+cAASURES0sLkGKEcJY1kIKYyh7uKxkEASRJik2dBkEAVVVnCpBi5Cytybj4Hk5hT+Y4DsrlcmJ6eR1FSYZhJH4fzWYzMXVO2WKAJCKipaUFyEajMbaX47gACXw2lT38vdVqNerxqOs6isUims0mJEmKimvGBUjgs9HQtMDjeR40TUOr1Zr58d43qqrGRhrXWeAibnt4K0sxSsyCmvxggCQioqV5nhd7wxchIG2XGeCzfavHrZ0bDAaJvbBd10Wr1UKr1YpGNQeDQfRvcZvjDDcg9zwvFl47nQ5b/IzR7XYTPxvTNNFoNNZ2n2nFM/wd5QsDJBERrZxlWVAUZWXFFavmOE4soFSr1bUGom2VNtIoGrWvu8m3pmmJ4hlVVcfubkSbxQBJREQrVy6Xc/9G32q1oKpqtBUjizSSDMNIBOu0Ypp1EMUzowU1ef5gcp8wQBIR0Uo5joNarZb1adCS0kYaV922Z5q04pl6vQ7DMDZy/zQeAyQRERElpPVkHC2mWbe04hlRVZ9W3U+bwwBJREREMYPBIDHS2O12N7IH9qhOpxPtJiRYlpXoC7oqN84Nzs3zRBGX8Lr3Gq86r6J/n5vnY2/rwrrA697rdZxm5hggiYiIKGaTbXtmPZ/hNbVhGK5tNPRV5xUKUgH7D/ZTp+pPn53iUDuM/l2QCmNva//BPk6fna78HPOAAZKIiIgiae1y0vbA3qS04pl+v7+W9ZgiQBakAj7+6OPE5QyQtxggiYiICMD4tj2j2wtmoV6vJ0KsrusrbwAvAuQL4wUKUgHX9nXscgbIWwyQREREa2TbNgaDAfr9furOO3nSbDYT2wimFdNkQQTZdfekFAEyDEM8fP8h9pQ9vAneRJczQN5igCQiIlojy7Lg+z5++tOf4qtf/SpKpRLq9Tq63W7mo3rDPM9LhLHBYJDYAztLlmUlCnlM08R3vvOdld2HCJDA7eMvSIVYCEwLkIfaYeqxI+8wQBIREdFiPM/D97//fbzzzjuQJCl2lMtlNBqNzAPlb//2b+OHP/xh7Gu6rm+0bc80YRii0WjEfk5hGKJQKCR+rvMewnCABIBz8xwFqYCr/hWA9AB5bp6nHrvF3ViADMMwquIeHtXcRgyQREREI1zXhW3bKz3+7u/+LjW4vPXWW7H/V6tVtNvtje+Mo2ka/uAP/mCj97kKvV4Pv/mbv7my2xsNkGEY4kA9iKayF53CDsMQe8oezp6f4YXxArvF3cT6ym3CAElERDPTNG3jR7FYXHp0aZsOXdfxk5/8ZOPrDkUBzbj+h3kkztm27ZXd5miABG57Q+7IOzh5erJwgLywLnD85Di67MK62OrpbQZIIiKa2aKhSFGUjQfParUK0zQ3fvT7/YVHIMvlMprNZmYhrtvtQlXVTO57Ea1Wa+UNxdMCJPDZVPaesreSIpqTpyd4YbxYzUlngAGSiIhozTzPww9+8AO8/fbbscD4zjvvoFarod1u56ZCu1KpoN1uZ30aU4kK7FX/3MYFyDAM8ajyKCqaARYPkK86r7D/YH+r10EyQBIREa1Rt9vFr371K/zrv/4rPvjgA6iqCsMwcjtVLJp2b3oN5rxqtRoMw1j57Y4LkMDt2tgdeWepAHlhXWD/wX5uPjAsigGSiIhojQaDQdQLMk9teyZpNpuZ7jwzTdrONNvghfECjyqPtnrkUWCAJCIiohjf91EqlTLb+3oaVVXR6XSyPo25vO69xp6yh6v+Fa7ta1zb17hxbrI+rYUxQBIREVGCZVmJPbHzYNsKfYRPWp8kGo2fPT/L+rQWxgBJREREqVRVzV0j8W1rNXRXMUASERFRqsFgkKu1hoZhoFarZX0aBAZIIiIimqBWq8E0zaxPI2rbsy2FSHcdA+QavAne4Nw8x8nTExxqhzg3z7d6uyIiIrq/8hLcdF3PRZClWwyQK3bVv8Kesofd4i6OnxzjhfECB+oBClIBR4+PcjMNQERENKt17Pgyj7xNpRMD5Er5vo8deQfHT44TPZ4GgwF25J2t3veSiEgIwxCGYUTbBjYajVhjZMdxplbK9vt9aJo2dmRrkV6E/X4fuq6jVCpBlmVomoZ2u7108KjVahPP9a4LwxDlchn9fj+T+1dVFd1uN5P7pnQMkCt0/OQYe8re2Aahors9p7OJaNtpmgZZllGv12EYRhTYXNeNrqPr+sQK3k6nA0mSxu7IIcLprOr1OiRJitbsmaYJTdMgSdJSo2eDwQCSJKFYLMKyrIVvZ9v1ej2oqrrxUcB2u41KpbLR+6TpGCBXaEfemdrTaUfewbl5vqEzIiJaPRH8hsNhGIYoFouxoDYYDFAqlcYGjlUGSMuyEuckdLtdSJKEer0+022NajQaqFQqUVC+z3RdTw3R4ne17NFqtWK3K9r25LWh+X3GALkinuehIBVwYV1MvN6BehDtoXnXua6LdrsN0zTRarWm9u1yHAeWZcE0TXQ6nZn2CR0MBmi1WjBNE5ZlJaaXHMeBaZq539OVaJuIaeLRYKjremLaulQqjR21W1WADIIAiqJMHGVsNBoT72ucMAwhy3L0GjYupN4XrutCUZTEa61t2ys5hkewgdtlDIsGf1qvlQTI7373uyiXyyv7BDJ8fOlLX8LXvva1VZzmWg0GAxSkAi67lxOvd6gd4uH7Dzd0VtkxTROSJEV/F5VKJZpaGn3TCYIgmnpSFAWapqFYLEKSpLHTJY7joFgsRmucxO3Lshx7cZ/2BkUE3L4pXlgXODfPcW6e41XnFRfrz0mMFI2uWTRNc+xayFUFyFmCnW3bkCRp7nV0o+eoqmqmxSR5YBgGGo3G2u/Hdd1cVH9TuqUDpHgjv7y8XNknkNHj61//eu4Xz4ZhiB15B5+0Ppl4vYfvP7zzhTTihXq03cK4r2uaBkVREouz+/0+ZFlGtVqNfd3zPJRKJVQqldgLSxAEqFarsU/HDJA0SRiGeGG8QEEqYEfewaF2iD1lDwWpgP0H+/y7mUOtVoMsy4k3+06nA1mWU79HPD8nHbMEyHa7DUmSEqNXw4IggCRJcxfljIZYMVV+n0PNpqaVx02XUz4sHSArlcrah/Mdx9mK8v1D7RAH6sHYy13XxY68g1edVxs8q81rtVqQJCl12nh0iqvX600cORCXD7+IiBHKtDd313Uhy3IUUhkgaZKz52epH/xunBvsP9hniJxBGIbRDEKn00lcLj44poUN8fzsdrupgweqqsbCm+M40ZTm8GuGCHXTflfzBkjP8xKPy/d9yLIMwzBmvp27qN1uQ1EU/PCHP4wKllZ5PH78GG+//Xbu3/fvs6UCZLfb3dhG64u0c9i0y+4lClIBL9svE5eFYYijx0fYLe7e+U+u/X4/eqGe9uSvVqtTq+uGp4zmHUVggKRxbpwbFKTC2MI3z/Owp+zdmzXLiwiCIPpAN669iwhhabNI805hK4oCy7LQ7/dRqVSi1wExhT2pxcyk8xjHMAzIspz4MFyr1bZiUGPdarXa2gLkn/zJn+D6mh1L8mzhAJk2hB0EwcqeUEEQxKYjfN9HqVSaOEWRB5+0PkFBKuDk6Qmu7Wtc29e47F7iQD3AbnEXN85N1qe4EWLBuizLqNVqsCwr9XenKMrUfU3r9TqKxSKAz94o2u32TOfBAEnjiKnrSa9ZZ8/PsFvc3eBZbQ/P81Aul1EqlSZOZYoPlGnhbp4A6ThOrJhCtJQBPit0mbQub9ZRymHjXp/EY8r70iqidVo4QJqmmXiy1mq1RAn+onq9HsrlcuzFvd1uJ9bD5dGrziscPT7CjryDglRAQSrgUeXRvQmPQr/fR71eh6Io0XqmarUa+zSftiZylCjICYIgmg6btZlt2htUGIawbZuV2ffcydMT7Cl7E68jerfet+fuNKKpdLlcnvo8EsEt7QPkMkU09Xo9NhNhGMbY5TCDwSAquJvVpOALIFqHTXRfLRQg0/bFXMc6xbQFtKqq5q6Fwo1zM/YNZlrrmvvCdV2YpglZllEul6OvF4vFqSOQjUYj6r3m+35iTeQko29Q7XYbpVIJzWYTqqqu7APPNvnFL36Bw8PDidNHi3ZN+L3f+z2USiV8+umnWT/MqQ61w6nT09f29UzdFe4bsc55uGG3OEafm8PP31GLBshOp4NSqZRYDiTWYjYaDXQ6HfR6PTSbzeh1Z/j6vu9D07TUdZvA7YCIJEkwDCP1OSI6P7A/Id1XCwVIMSU5bB3bDKWV8E9rTJuFA/WAbzBDLMsaO8Us3jDEaES1Wo0FyjTlcjnWNqNYLE6cqqrVatHIxOgb1PCyC9E7Lk9/S5vwwQcf4I//+I/X0jHh6uoKf/RHf4Rvf/vbWT/MqT7+6OOpI5BiXTOXQMQ1Go2xHyJGPxAOr1UctchWhqIt0Ljvabfb0RpFWZajgYjR57nv+yiXy6kzIGEYolqtzvShadblNER3zdwBMi3AdbvdqXueLiqtiaj41JsHrzqvEpXXg8Fg7HaG94Gu64nlB4LYEUK8IYtponEvwqI9x/AoQb1ehyzLqZ/8RdW2CJiTRjhENeV9CpDD68bWJQzDXM4UjBLT05OK2j7+6GPsP9jf4FndLY7jpLb2WZRpmollMMuwLCv3f6dEeTV3gBx9Y1h3Pyhx+8NTwWlT6FkIwxB7yl5s+tr3fewpe5mfW5ZEKKxUKtFaQ9/30e12o0bhwyzLinZ6EG8MQRBE02SjHxZEQFEUBb1eLwqAg8EA5XI51uJnUoDUdT03H0Q2IQxDlEqlmdePLqPf7+dupmCU53nYLe7i+Mlx6uVic4Bp25PSeLqur6zdjegLOzylvEyPwDAMoWlarv9GifJsrgDZ6XQSb/6maU5dw7astBFOy7Iy3w3ghfECJ09PYl87e342tZn4fdDv96PdZIaPcaMHpmmiVCrFritCZRpRATp6+6qqxj7MpAXIIAig6/q92x5r3c+Z0d+rruu5X2N649xgR97B0eOj6IPgm+ANXrZfYre4e+8/DC7D87yVLhGxbXvqeksi2pyZA2TaSOMmRwIrlUpsmlNUAW5iNCWN7/uJno43zg32lD1+oh3ieV60Pm6Waad5r+84TnT9tFFw3/dh23b0OwmCAKqq3rsmwOK5OlwJ63neSqtIy+VyovVWHmYKprm2r7H/YD/qmCCOo8dHuT/3PPN9P/dt14hocTMHyGazmdq2Z1NTgKLKe/gFXaznyiKwHT85xrl5HvvaoXaI173XGz8Xmp2maahWq7HCj/sQ+BuNRqIYYdXbhHU6nUSbrU3MUCwirTuC6Nt6bV+zaIaIaIqZAqTneRtp2zNNWkVeFntlXtvXiZHG173XE7cxpOx5npdaRXnXR5nEc3V4RLff76+lmCZtjXSpVIJt2yu/r0UNBgM+V4mIljRTgMxLP0bf9xPT6Gnhdt0O1IPYSGMYhth/sM9mw5RLmqalPn/XsfzDcZxE8cwmKr/ncaAe4Kp/Ff3/TfDmzn+IICJatakB0rbt1DeErDrwt9vtxH0bhrGxgoiX7Zd4VHkU+9qFdZEopiHKg7Twtu5imkajkVjaUq1Wc1Hw8KrzKlF1ffb8jJXWRERzmhogN922ZxajTcvTWv2sw7i2PaPFNER5kNa2JwiCte8pL2YKhp8Truum7hyySWkzBa7rstKaiGgBEwOkZVmJtj2tVivz9ieDwSCx/nKdzcyFs+dnOH12Gvva6bPTRDENUR6kjTSmrSPe5H1P2kFo3V4YLxIjjcdPjnFhXWR0RkRE22tsgBTbvGXVtmeaWq2WaMWyzm2lRNNhtu2hbZC2XlisT1zVLh7TqKoaK57JcvbC933sP9iPPX+v+ld4+P5DPn+JiBYwNkCmjRbU6/XcNAZO62uX1upnVY6fHCcahD+qPOIe2JRLeehYYNt2os1Wt9vNZP102kjjaDEcERHNLjVAfvrppygUCok1TJtu2zONZVmJxfoffvghvvD5L+BQO1zZoT3S8JXf+AoeVR7hm7/1TbzuvcZl95KtQLbYXd6rfFLP1E2r1WqJ0FqpVGJrmNdNtO0Zfu26sC5w9PhoY+dARHTXpAbIn//855BlOREW8zB1Pc3Dhw/x5//rz2NNgVd5fPS/P8Lv/o/fxZ6yt/aiHVqPjz/6GL/85S9x1b/C2fMzvO69vlOBcrTiOctdm9IKajbdQzat7dZoMRwREc1n7BR2vV7fyGL7VdpEIQ0A/M5//x38/v/8/bXfD62H53lwXRd/+dFf4uH7D6Ot6x5VHuHcPN/qDwZpuzNlvW+8ZVmJwrtNFfOwbQ8R0XqMDZBpi/DzbFOtfAAWz9wVR4+P8Hbh7ShAym/J0b+/sPMFHD85xsv2y63Z1k6MNA633RLP4yz3JBbnNVqQt+52QmkjjZ7nsW0PEdEKTG3jM7q3bV5tes/djz/6+E6PYvi+v9J1pHk8vvXBt6LAmHbIb8n4yhe/gj/V/xT//JN/xrV9nfWvZaIs2/ZMk7Z1YrvdXuvIKNv2EBGtz8QAGYZhJlsWziuL9kK+72NP2ct0ZGedGCALKLxV2JoAOa5tz+ge2FnSdT3RZmtdry/i+Tn8mnBtX7NtDxHRikzdiabf7ye2MsybWq2WqMbeBFZybrejx0co/loxFhi3dQr7O9/5Dv7iL/4i9rW0PbCz5HkeyuVy7Gs/+9nP8Gvyr+HH/+fHODfPZzpOnp5M/XDwzd/6Jsr/rYyvfvmr+Ou//GsAbNtDRLRKUwMkcDtykEVAm8WmKzpH8U1p+7iuC9d18bfNv70zRTRf+tKXcH4e3xEpj+uXR5+nnU4HO+/sTAyMl93Lhbsm/Mv//Rf8RvE3cG6e88MeEdEKzRQg87QDzajRfbE3bTAYYP/Bfq5HaCnuLrbx+fd//3eUy+Wt+jtMK65ZhwvrAu++/S7b9hARrdBMARK4LVLJshVImk217Znm5OlJYpcayrdtD4xpdF3PzU5Rs7Asa2OFb5wpICJarZkDpGiTM7y3bZay3Fd3lO/7iX2yiTbN87zczhSMSmswvk4soCEiWq2ZAySQ3qQ4K4ZhJJoTZ+nCusDJ05OsT4PuOcMwNtrOalHNZnPj66o5U0BEtDpzBUgguU1aFvK4JjMMQzx8/2GuW73Q3bfJhvqLyqrwjTMFRESrM3eAFC/+Wb4I53Wtl+u6d3JtHW2XvKwNHqdarWZW+PZJ6xPOFBARrcDcARK4nX5qNBqrPpeZDAaDTNv2zMP3fVzb12ND5ZvgDa7t67Fh3HVdjmjSQvLWA1IQy2CyEoYh9h/s83lFRLSkhQJkEASZFbBsw844V/0r7BZ3Y7uaHKgHiS3Uru1rFKQCXnVepd7O6bNTFKTCJk6Z7pg8zBSM2lTbnmle917jQD3I9ByIiLbdQgESuG0AnDaS0Ov1YJrmSo60+6xUKoue8kacm+coSAWcPD2JRhdFv8GCVMC5+VmzZwZIWqe87IMtbLJtzzRHj4+4J/aKtVotBEGAMAynLjEKwxC2bY/dCtb3fdi2Hc00BUEA27bHbsvpum6u1/0S3UULB0jgdjSw0+nEvrauAJmntj3juK6LHXkHZ8/PUi9/YbxAQSrgsnsJgAGS1ittf+yszyUvI6I3zk1ir2xanGEYkCQp2vZT1/WJM0We50GSpLHFkJ1OJ3Z7tm1DkqSxbeTq9TpKpdIKHgkRzWqpALnJakrDMDJbdzmr02enU6s8H77/EA/ffwiAAZLWr91u52LUvtlswjCMrE8j5uz5WWxGgOYXhmEUHocDn+M4KJVKY98bRICUJAnVajVxOQMkUf4tFSCB2yfuuqfJ8ti2J82BejB1bZUIhZ7nRQHyhfEidR/fo8dHDJC0tKy3+8x6v/px3gRvcndO28TzPJTLZRSLRei6Hgt8wORCLhEgK5UKJElCu92OXc4ASZR/SwdIEe7+4R/+AbZtr/z4t3/7N3zta1/Dj370o1U83rXaLe7i+MnxxOtcWBeJADntIFpG1p0LqtVqYqkLbT/HcdBsNuH7fiLwAbej3+P+7kSA7HQ60DQNsizHvpcBkij/lg6QAPD3f//3eO+996Bp2sqPDz/8ENVqdezi6TzZf7CPo8dHE6/zSesTFKQCwjDkFDZtTK1Wy2QKOeu2PdO4rovTZ6fYkXeiD2x7yh5etl/GrneoHeJQO8zoLPMvLUC6rgtJklLX4A4HSLEFp6ZpY29PBMh6vZ66Xl5VVQZIiun1eviP//iPmQerLMuauT7ju9/9Ln72s59l/RAzt5IASbdOn51iT9mbeh0xzc0ASZsiZgpGq15FNey0o9VqTX1RHR0dEm178lode+PcYLe4i/0H+zh7foZr+xqX3UscPzmOFbsBDJDTpAXIMAwhSVLq8onhADn8/WIqe1yAVFU1daBBUZREgPR9P7d/e7Ren376Kd5++238zd/8zcqKeoePw8NDvPvuu/d+CQwD5Aq96rxKvPEM8zwvVqXNAEmbZFkWdF2Pfc33/ZlmAgzDmDtApt1fXoiG4rvF3VjoER5VHsWqtBkgJ0sLkABQLBZTR75HAyRwu9RBlmW4rrv0FHar1YKmaajX66hUKrlfP0+rValU1t4vular5XJHvE1igFyxk6cn2C3u4qp/Ffu667pRkY3YmYYBkjZJjAhuohF/3tr2jLrqX0187rmui5ftlwyQM5oUINO6Z6QFSDFKXqlUlgqQ4m9PjA7V6/Vc7spE69HtdmPLIdZlW4p714kBcsXCMIyqpw/UAxxqh3hUeRT9f3hbQwZI2rRer4dyubz2qZc8tu0ZJnqyzvrizwA5WVqA9H0fkiSlbgqRFiCHb0dV1ZUU0QRBAFVV0e/3l3l4tCU23S86T5sjZIEBck0uu5c4fXaKQ+0Q5+Z56t67nufh3DzHjXOTehuve6/Zp45Wrlqt4vT0dOJ1HMdZuHPCj370IxSLxVyvDxI9W2fFADlZWoDs9/szr4EcVqvVEn0lFwmQ7XY7ahVE94NpmokR72azOXbHo3kZhhH7exazOuP+Lu86Bkiie+YXv/gFSqUSPvzww7V0TlAUBT/+8Y+zfpgTnT0/w468M/P1GSAnSwuQlmVBluXUDhqTAqSYgl7VCOQmehVT9tKmlKc1tJ9XWku0vHeaWCcGSCK6d0TB27iRiTAM8br3OnqjYICcbHTvauC2kKFer6deX1T/j1tC4Lruwnth+74fGyVyHAflcnmhx0Xbo1arJda6qqq68jXfaR9IdF2/l+tsGSCJ6N65cW5QkAq4sC5SLxcN/8XlDJDzcRwHsixnUmAgRjBF2KzX6/d6ndp9MBgMEiON6yqmSWuJ5nlerosG14UBkojupUPtEAWpkOiY8CZ4gz1lD3vKHkcgF6TreqYtTkR4KJVKaDQaW7ERBS1udKRx3cU0lmUl9nA3DCO148BdxgBJRPeS53nYf7CPglTA6bNTnJvnURPxHXkn1oSaAXJ2vu+jWq3muoiK7g6xHeawtGKaVQrDcOOhNY8YIIno3vJ9H697r3H2/CwKiWfPzxJTUa86r8a22yKibKSFtk31Z7RtO1FQ0+1271VBDQMkERERbZ20aeO0Ypp10XU90edU07TU7gJ3EQMkERERbRXP89betmcaMdo53L7KcZxYEdddxgBJREREWyWtdc462vZM02q1oOt67GvNZvNe9B5lgCQiIqKtYdv2xtr2TBOGIUqlUmy7TNFKah0FNWIL5HFFfefmebQFsuh3m7YTHnC7I9f+g/2Fz4UBkoiIiLZG3iqge70eyuVyLNC22+21BFoRIAtSAS/bLxOXM0ASEUs86loAAAm8SURBVBHR2ui6jv/6r/9Ct9tFp9PZmibYlmUlglmr1cq8B+O4KfW0veCXIQLk/oN97Mg7sfWXAAMkERERrZFt2/jP//xPNJtNfPnLX4YkSfjGN76BZrOJXq+Xyz6eQRBk1rZnGtd1E+eRtnf2skSAvOxeYk/ZS0xlM0ASERHRWnmeh/feew+f+9znIElS4qhUKjBNM9ZUP0vNZjMx0liv13OzD7VhGIltM2u1GgzDWNl9iAB5bV/jsnuZmMpOC5AX1gWu7evEcfT4iAGSiIjWr9lsQtM0HnfoEKOPacdbb70FSZLw7rvv4gc/+AFarVZmI5Offvop3nnnnUzb9kwj1mLath19zfd9yLKMf/qnf4Jt22MP0zQnHqIt0HCABICTpyexqey0ADnpYIAkIqK10zRtbNjgcTePz33uc/jGN76Bv/qrv0Kj0chsqvgP//AP8ejRo9jXBoNBrPo5D1zXTQTaz3/+8/j6178+McgvGiB9349NZS8zAnltX+Pk6Qkevv8Q5+Y53gRvJj5WBkgiIqJ7SOzpLEYa0w5VVWEYRuZB7ec//3liBHIbtNttVCqVld3eaIAEEJvKXnQN5JvgDXbkHVz1rxCGIc6en+H4yfHEc2GAJCIiumeCIEC/38f3vvc9fPGLX4wCY6lUQqPRQLfbzd1uKs1mE/V6PevTmNk62gulBUjgs6ns02enCwVIz/Niaymv7Ws8fP/hxHNhgCQiIrpndF2H53n46U9/Cl3X0W634bpu1qc1kQhkeSnqmSat6GdZ4wKkmMoWaxuB5aqwT5+d4oXxYuK5MEASERHdM57nbd10MHC744yqqlmfxlRpe3WvwrgACXw2lb1sgHxhvMCBejC1OIkBkoiIiLZGpVJBu93O+jQmSmssvgqe5+HcPE80EBfEOkgAuHFuJl73de81LqyL6P9hGOL4yTGOnxxPLaABGCCJiIhoiziOA0VRcrdGU0jbq3sbHD0+wumz05mvzwBJREREW6XRaKDZbGZ9GqlG9+reBlf9KxSkAg61w+g4eXoy8XsYIImIiGir+L6/8grnVWi326hWq1mfxtw8z0v0iZxWrMQASURERFvHsixompb1aUTW0bYnzxggiYiIaCvlabq42Wzmdlp9HRggiYhobt1uF7VaDZqmwTCM2KiL7/solUoTixwcx0ls56brOkzTXHs/Qt/3o/NO0+/3lxrZ6na70HUdpVIJlUoFhmHE9kcWOp0ONE0b2+qlVqvNHEharRZqtdrYyzVNQ6fTme0B/H/tdjt6HGK7vbyNrtm2DUVRMi9YcV0XiqJsZWukRTFAEhHRXJrNJiRJgq7rMAwD5XIZkiTFtrubtmuIbdvRbZimiUajAU3ToCgKZFle66iS53nRzitpW/R1Oh1I0vxvj0EQoFqtQpIkVKvV6HGJn89oWxfTNCFJ0tg2KyK4zaJer6NUKo29XJIkmKY58+MQ+54P/37E45g3iK5brVYb+2FgU9bVtifPGCCJiGhmjuNAkiS0Wq3Y11VVRblcjv7v+z5kWR47YiUC5GgYCcMQlUplYhhalgiQsiyntoNZNEA2Gg3IspxafCBC9/DjzWuArNVqY3d8aTQaY4N3VnzfR7FYHPtzXLd+vw9VVTMfBd00BkgiIpqZmHoefbMWAWlYtVodOwo5LkCK25JlOQp2tm3Dsiw4joNGowHLspZ6sxYB0rIsyLKcOMe0AOn7fjQSV6/X0Wq1YsFzXLAeVq1WUSwWo//nMUAOBoPU0dJhlUolF9PGw1qtFnRdz+S+87QOc5MYIImIaGlpYafT6cQC07BxAdL3fZTL5VgrFNM0oSgKSqUSVFWFoihLnasIkLZtRyFueERtNEB6ngdFUVAul2EYBgzDgKIosRBlWdbEMAjcrikcvk4eA+S0cwI+e6x5Ck1hGKJUKi08Mup5HmzbnnikjaZblpVZcM0aAyQRES1FhI7RQCFCYlpRjLgs7ahUKrHRLXH7k0b35jEcIMMwjEKpGFEcDZDNZjNRINHtdmPBU4yaTiJG90RoFo9r0jFPgJx2W7MEyFqtNvVxTBo9zlKv10O5XE6MjJZKpak/GxHWJx2jBU1BEKBUKq296CuvGCCJiGhhIgSlVQuLoNbtdhOXjRbRmKYJwzBQqVQgSRLq9XoUBMR9jHuj7vV6aDab6HQ6M02rDgdI4Hb6eXgqe9oaSM/zotFEEaIajcbUkVExzS2mh8Xj6na7qSNeiqLMFSAVRRk7ejYaIF3XjX7uwz9XXddnfhx5C5DAZotZ7lvbnlEMkEREtBCx7nHSyOC4ka9Jo1giwInRPRG00jQaDdRqNdi2HVWETwuRowFy+D663W4iQIZhiFarFVUmS5KUqEgW07qTWhf1ej1IkhRNhWY1hT0YDKAoCrrdLrrdLhRFic5hlschRl/TPhhkzXVdFIvFtbfTcV13aququ44BkoiI5hKGIer1OmRZnhgiRFBLC5iTAmQQBLFRzUkBUtf1WFiYpRo3LUAOT2W3Wq3Y/TUaDRSLRZimCdu2EQQBXNeNnb8YlWu322Pvt16v56KIptPpxH7uhmFEv6NZHoeu65BlObc9D5vNJr7//e+v9T6+/e1v37u2PaMYIImIaC4iQEzbK7ff70+dwk4LkKOXTQqQwxzHQbFYXGgEErgdVZJlGcViMXZ/iqKg0WjEritGKcU5hmGIarUKRVFSp9rF6ONwmM5LEY2qqtHvaNrjEKOPq1qPug5hGOLXf/3Xp657XOZ47733clWFngUGSCIimpkIEGJnktFjmFgnmDZSlbYG0jTNaGRzeHpwlgDpeR5KpVIUhMRuM2kBdVyABBCNPg7fn+iL2Ov14HkeOp0OZFlOBGAxiinLMprNJnq9HjqdTtQ7cTSEzhsgxTR6mkUDZL1ej1W8Dz+OYrEIwzDQ7/fR6XRQq9VmLsbJ2n2eWt4UBkgiIprZtGrfYY1GA5VKJfV20qqwi8ViVO06HKqmBUjHcaKAJ4iQmBZ2JgVIAFEhj+C6Lmq1WjQyWa1WMRgMoKpqYvvAIAiiKe/hCt+0Ebt5A6T42aeZN0CGYYharYZqtZo6kjbucUya2qb7hQGSiIhWTuxEs+5egY7joFQqjd1r+q6tUxsXyOchpqknbTVJNA0DJBERrdwmGiyHYRg1HR+eBg+CINrPOa+FHotot9srWXtommZUFCSOPDUFp+3AAElERCsldgUZtw/2qgRBkLoOU6x/u2tFDqt6PJ1OJ/EzY4CkeTFAEhHRSgVBsPbwSETZYoAkIiIiorkwQBIRERHRXBggiYiIiGguDJBERERENBcGSCIiIiKaCwMkEREREc3l/wEnrt65FckMxAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)