1: Conductors
- Page ID
- 431584
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Conductors are substances that conduct charge, which is typically electrons, although ions can also function as conductors within a circuit.
- Have mobile charge particles, typically electrons
- May be ions
- Metals make good conductors
- weakly held valence electrons
- copper is a common metallic conductor
- form wires
- stranded
- solid core
- Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)
- can result in very small circuits
Wire Conductors
- Resistance goes up as length increases
- Resistance goes up as diameter decreases
- Resistance depends on Materials
- Connections often increase resistance
- dissimilar metals can react
- nonconducting ionic compounds (typically oxides) can form
- loose connections can increase resistance
AWG Gauge
American Standard Wire Gauge - The higher the number the thinner the wire
AWG | Diameter (in) | Diameter (mm) | Resistance/length (mΩ/m) | Resistance/length (mΩ/ft) |
0000 (4/0) | 0.4600 | 11.684 | 0.1608 | 0.04901 |
00 (2/0) | 0.3648 | 9.266 | 0.2557 | 0.07793 |
0 (1/0) | 0.3249 | 8.251 | 0.3224 | 0.09827 |
2 | 0.2576 | 6.544 | 0.5127 | 0.1563 |
4 | 0.2043 | 5.189 | 0.8152 | 0.2485 |
6 | 0.1620 | 4.115 | 1.296 | 0.3951 |
8 | 0.1285 | 3.264 | 2.061 | 0.6282 |
10 | 0.1019 | 2.588 | 3.277 | 0.9989 |
12 | 0.0808 | 2.053 | 5.211 | 1.588 |
14 | 0.0641 | 1.628 | 8.286 | 2.525 |
16 | 0.0508 | 1.291 | 13.17 | 4.016 |
18 | 0.0403 | 1.024 | 20.95 | 6.385 |
20 | 0.0320 | 0.812 | 33.31 | 10.15 |
22 | 0.0253 | 0.644 5 | 52.96 | 16.14 |
24 | 0.0201 | 0.511 | 84.22 | 25.67 |
26 | 0.0159 | 0.405 | 133.9 | 40.81 |
32 | 0.00795 | 0.202 | 538.3 | 164.1 |
40 | 0.00314 | 0.0799 | 3441 | 1049 |
Stranded vs. Solid Wires
- Solid wires
- not as flexible
- preferred if flexibility is not needed
- Stranded wires
- flexible
- need connectors to plug into breadboards
- connectors often become loose and cause problems