12.8: Buffers

 Learning Objectives

• Define buffer.
• Correctly identify the two components of a buffer.

As indicated in Section 12.5, weak acids are relatively common, even in the foods we eat. But we occasionally encounter a strong acid or base, such as stomach acid, which has a strongly acidic pH of 1.7. By definition, strong acids and bases can produce a relatively large amount of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions and consequently have marked chemical activities. In addition, very small amounts of strong acids and bases can change the pH of a solution very quickly. If 1 mL of stomach acid [approximated as 0.1 M HCl(aq)] were added to the bloodstream and no correcting mechanism were present, the pH of the blood would decrease from about 7.4 to about 4.7—a pH that is not conducive to continued living. Fortunately, the body has a mechanism for minimizing such dramatic pH changes.

This mechanism involves a buffer, a solution that resists dramatic changes in pH. Buffers do so by being composed of certain pairs of solutes: either a weak acid plus a salt derived from that weak acid, or a weak base plus a salt of that weak base. For example, a buffer can be composed of dissolved HC₂H₃O₂ (a weak acid) and NaC₂H₃O₂ (the salt derived from that weak acid). Another example of a buffer is a solution containing NH₃ (a weak base) and NH₄Cl (a salt derived from that weak base).

Let us use an HC₂H₃O₂/NaC₂H₃O₂ buffer to demonstrate how buffers work. If a strong base—a source of OH⁻(aq) ions—is added to the buffer solution, those OH⁻ ions will react with the HC₂H₃O₂ in an acid-base reaction:

\[\ce{HC2H3O2(aq) + OH^{-}(aq) \rightarrow H2O(ℓ) + C2H3O^{-}2(aq)} \label{Eq1} \]

Rather than changing the pH dramatically by making the solution basic, the added OH⁻ ions react to make H₂O, so the pH does not change much.

If a strong acid—a source of H⁺ ions—is added to the buffer solution, the H⁺ ions will react with the anion from the salt. Because HC₂H₃O₂ is a weak acid, it is not ionized much. This means that if lots of H⁺ ions and C₂H₃O₂⁻ ions are present in the same solution, they will come together to make HC₂H₃O₂:

\[\ce{H^{+}(aq) + C2H3O^{−}2(aq) \rightarrow HC2H3O2(aq)} \label{Eq2} \]

Rather than changing the pH dramatically and making the solution acidic, the added H⁺ ions react to make molecules of a weak acid. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) illustrates both actions of a buffer.

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) The Actions of Buffers. Buffers can react with both strong acids (top) and strong bases (side) to minimize large changes in pH.

Buffers made from weak bases and salts of weak bases act similarly. For example, in a buffer containing NH₃ and NH₄Cl, NH₃ molecules can react with any excess H⁺ ions introduced by strong acids:

\[\ce{NH3(aq) + H^{+}(aq) \rightarrow NH^{+}4(aq)} \label{Eq3} \]

while the ammonium ion (\(\ce{NH4^{+}(aq)}\)) can react with any hydroxide ions introduced by strong bases:

\[\ce{NH^{+}4(aq) + OH^{-}(aq) \rightarrow NH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ)} \label{Eq4} \]

Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Which combinations of compounds can make a buffer solution?

1. HCHO₂ and NaCHO₂
2. HCl and NaCl
3. CH₃NH₂ and CH₃NH₃Cl
4. NH₃ and NaOH

Solution

1. HCHO₂ is formic acid, a weak acid, while NaCHO₂ is the salt made from the anion of the weak acid (the formate ion [CHO₂⁻]). The combination of these two solutes would make a buffer solution.
2. HCl is a strong acid, not a weak acid, so the combination of these two solutes would not make a buffer solution.
3. CH₃NH₂ is methylamine, which is like NH₃ with one of its H atoms substituted with a CH₃ group. Because it is not listed in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\), we can assume that it is a weak base. The compound CH₃NH₃Cl is a salt made from that weak base, so the combination of these two solutes would make a buffer solution.
4. NH₃ is a weak base, but NaOH is a strong base. The combination of these two solutes would not make a buffer solution.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Which combinations of compounds can make a buffer solution?

1. NaHCO₃ and NaCl
2. H₃PO₄ and NaH₂PO₄
3. NH₃ and (NH₄)₃PO₄
4. NaOH and NaCl

Answer a

Yes.

Answer b

No. Need a weak acid or base and a salt of its conjugate base or acid.

Answer c

Yes.

Answer d

No. Need a weak base or acid.

Buffers work well only for limited amounts of added strong acid or base. Once either solute is completely reacted, the solution is no longer a buffer, and rapid changes in pH may occur. We say that a buffer has a certain capacity. Buffers that have more initial solute dissolved within them have larger capacities, as might be expected.

Human blood has a buffering system to minimize extreme changes in pH. One buffer in blood is based on the presence of HCO₃⁻ and H₂CO₃ [the second compound is another way to write CO₂(aq)]. With this buffer present, even if some stomach acid were to find its way directly into the bloodstream, the change in the pH of blood would be minimal. Inside many of the body's cells, there is a buffering system based on phosphate ions.

Food and Drink Application: the Acid that Eases Pain

Although medicines are not exactly "food and drink," we do ingest them, so let's take a look at an acid that is probably the most common medicine: acetylsalicylic acid, also known as aspirin. Aspirin is well known as a pain reliever and antipyretic (fever reducer).

The structure of aspirin is shown in the accompanying figure. The acid part is circled; it is the H atom in that part that can be donated as aspirin acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid. Because it is not given in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\), acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid. However, it is still an acid, and given that some people consume relatively large amounts of aspirin daily, its acidic nature can cause problems in the stomach lining, despite the stomach's defenses against its own stomach acid.

Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The Molecular Structure of Aspirin. The circled atoms are the acid part of the molecule.

The molecule of aspartame is shown. The CO2H is circled to indicate that it is the acidic part of the molecule.

Because the acid properties of aspirin may be problematic, many aspirin brands offer a "buffered aspirin" form of the medicine. In these cases, the aspirin also contains a buffering agent—usually MgO—that regulates the acidity of the aspirin to minimize its acidic side effects.

As useful and common as aspirin is, it was formally marketed as a drug starting in 1899. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the governmental agency charged with overseeing and approving drugs in the United States, wasn't formed until 1906. Some have argued that if the FDA had been formed before aspirin was introduced, aspirin may never have gotten approval due to its potential for side effects—gastrointestinal bleeding, ringing in the ears, Reye's syndrome (a liver problem), and some allergic reactions. However, recently aspirin has been touted for its effects in lessening heart attacks and strokes, so it is likely that aspirin will remain on the market.

Summary

A buffer is a solution that resists sudden changes in pH.