Eastern Wyoming College
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- Introductory Chemistry (Budhi)
- 1: The Chemical World
- 2: Measurement and Problem Solving
- 2.1: Taking Measurements
- 2.2: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
- 2.3: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
- 2.4: Significant Figures in Calculations
- 2.5: The Basic Units of Measurement
- 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
- 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems
- 2.8: Units Raised to a Power
- 2.9: Density
- 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
- 2.11: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
- 3: Matter and Energy
- 3.1: In Your Room
- 3.2: What is Matter?
- 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
- 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
- 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
- 3.6: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
- 3.7: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
- 3.8: Energy
- 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
- 3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
- 3.11: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
- 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
- 3.13: Exercises
- 4: Atoms and Elements
- 4.1: Cutting Alumimun until you get Atoms
- 4.2: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
- 4.3: The Nuclear Atom
- 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
- 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
- 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Table
- 4.7: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
- 4.8: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
- 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
- 5: Molecules and Compounds
- 5.1: Sugar and Salt
- 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition
- 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
- 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
- 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
- 5.6: Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
- 5.7: Naming Ionic Compounds
- 5.8: Naming Molecular Compounds
- 5.9: Naming Acids
- 5.10: Nomenclature Summary
- 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
- 6: Chemical Composition
- 6.1: How Much Sodium?
- 6.2: Counting Nails by the Pound
- 6.3: Counting Atoms by the Gram
- 6.4: Counting Molecules by the Gram
- 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
- 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
- 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
- 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
- 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
- 7: Chemical Reactions
- 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
- 7.2: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
- 7.3: Chemical Equations
- 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
- 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility - Compounds Dissolved in Water
- 7.6: Precipitation Reactions
- 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution- Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
- 7.8: Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
- 7.9: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
- 7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- 7.11: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
- 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
- 8.1: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
- 8.2: Stoichiometry
- 8.3: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
- 8.4: Making Molecules: Mole to Mass (or vice versa) and Mass-to-Mass Conversions
- 8.5: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
- 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
- 8.7: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
- 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
- 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
- 9.2: Light is Visible Electromagnetic Radiation
- 9.3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- 9.4: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
- 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
- 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
- 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
- 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
- 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
- 9.10: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
- 10: Chemical Bonding
- 10.1: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
- 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
- 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
- 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
- 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
- 10.6: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
- 10.7: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
- 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
- 11: Gases
- 11.1: Extra-Long Straws
- 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
- 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
- 11.4: Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume
- 11.5: Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature
- 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure
- 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
- 11.8: Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
- 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
- 11.10: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
- 11.11: Gases in Chemical Reactions
- 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
- 12.1: Interactions between Molecules
- 12.2: Properties of Liquids and Solids
- 12.3: Surface Tension and Viscosity
- 12.4: Evaporation and Condensation
- 12.5: Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
- 12.6: Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole
- 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids
- 12.8: Water - A Remarkable Molecule
- 13: Solutions
- 13.1: Prelude - Tragedy in Cameroon
- 13.2: Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures
- 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
- 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water
- 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
- 13.6: Solution Concentration: Molarity
- 13.7: Solution Dilution
- 13.8: Solution Stoichiometry
- 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
- 13.10: Osmosis
- 14: Acids and Bases
- 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
- 14.2: Acids: Properties and Examples
- 14.3: Bases: Properties and Examples
- 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
- 14.5: Reactions of Acids and Bases
- 14.6: Acid–Base Titration
- 14.7: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
- 14.8: Water - Acid and Base in One
- 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
- 14.10: Buffers are Solutions that Resist pH Change
- 15: Chemical Equilibrium
- 15.1: Life is Controlled Disequilibrium
- 15.2: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- 15.3: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
- 15.4: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
- 15.5: Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
- 15.6: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
- 15.7: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle
- 15.8: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
- 15.9: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
- 15.10: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
- 15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant
- 15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
- 16: Oxidation and Reduction
- 16.1: The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
- 16.2: Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
- 16.3: Oxidation States - Electron Bookkeeping
- 16.4: Balancing Redox Equations
- 16.5: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
- 16.6: Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
- 16.7: Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
- 16.8: Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
- 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
- 17.1: Diagnosing Appendicitis
- 17.2: The Discovery of Radioactivity
- 17.3: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
- 17.4: Detecting Radioactivity
- 17.5: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
- 17.6: Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
- 17.7: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
- 17.8: Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
- 17.9: Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
- 17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life
- 17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine
- Introductory Organic (Budhi)
- 1: Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
- 1.1: Organic Chemistry
- 1.2: Structures and Names of Alkanes
- 1.3: Branched-Chain Alkanes
- 1.4: Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
- 1.5: IUPAC Nomenclature
- 1.6: Physical Properties of Alkanes
- 1.7: Chemical Properties of Alkanes
- 1.8: Halogenated Hydrocarbons
- 1.9: Cycloalkanes
- 1.10: Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
- 1.11: Organic Chemistry: Alkanes
- 2: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 2.1: Alkenes: Structures and Names
- 2.2: Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)
- 2.3: Physical Properties of Alkenes
- 2.4: Chemical Properties of Alkenes
- 2.5: Polymers
- 2.6: Alkynes
- 2.7: Aromatic Compounds: Benzene
- 2.8: 13.8 Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
- 2.9: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Exercises)
- 2.10: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Summary)
- 3: Organic Compounds of Oxygen
- 3.1: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
- 3.2: Alcohols - Nomenclature and Classification
- 3.3: Physical Properties of Alcohols
- 3.4: Reactions that Form Alcohols
- 3.5: Reactions of Alcohols
- 3.6: Glycols and Glycerol
- 3.7: Phenols
- 3.8: Ethers
- 3.9: Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Names
- 3.10: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- 3.11: Organic Sulfur Compounds
- 3.12: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Exercises)
- 3.13: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Summary)
- 4: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
- 4.1: Carboxylic Acids: Structures and Names
- 4.2: The Formation of Carboxylic Acids
- 4.3: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 4.4: Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization
- 4.5: Esters - Structures and Names
- 4.6: Physical Properties of Esters
- 4.7: Preparation of Esters
- 4.8: Hydrolysis of Esters
- 4.9: Esters of Phosphoric Acid
- 4.10: Amines - Structures and Names
- 4.11: Physical Properties of Amines
- 4.12: Amines as Bases
- 4.13: Amides: Structures and Names
- 4.14: Physical Properties of Amides
- 4.15: Formation of Amides
- 4.16: Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis
- 4.17: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives (Summary)
- 5: Carbohydrates
- 6: Lipids
- 7: Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
- 8: Nucleic Acids
- 9: Energy Metabolism
- 9.1: Introduction to Metabolism
- 9.2: ATP: the Universal Energy Currency
- 9.3: Stage I of Catabolism
- 9.4: Overview of Stage II of Catabolism
- 9.5: Stage III of Catabolism
- 9.6: Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism
- 9.7: Stage II of Lipid Catabolism
- 9.8: Stage II of Protein Catabolism
- 9.9: Energy Metabolism (Exercises)
- 9.10: Energy Metabolism (Summary)
- 1: Organic Chemistry - Alkanes