3.3.0.0: Bond Types (Problems)

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PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Does a cation gain protons to form a positive charge or does it lose electrons?

Answer: The protons in the nucleus do not change during normal chemical reactions. Only the outer electrons move. Positive charges form when electrons are lost.

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{2}\)

Iron(III) sulfate [Fe₂(SO₄)₃] is composed of Fe³⁺ and \(\ce{SO4^2-}\) ions. Explain why a sample of iron(III) sulfate is uncharged.

Answer: Two cations with a +3 charge give a total of +6 charge, while three anions of -2 charge give a total of -6 charge. +6-6=0, so when these ions bond, the charges will cancel, leaving the resulting compound uncharged.

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{3}\)

Which of the following atoms would be expected to form negative ions in binary ionic compounds and which would be expected to form positive ions: P, I, Mg, Cl, In, Cs, O, Pb, Co?

Answer: P, I, Cl, and O would form anions because they are nonmetals. Mg, In, Cs, Pb, and Co would form cations because they are metals.

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{4}\)

Which of the following atoms would be expected to form negative ions in binary ionic compounds and which would be expected to form positive ions: Br, Ca, Na, N, F, Al, Sn, S, Cd?

Answer

Anions: Br, N, F, S,

Cations: Ca, Na, Al, Sn (because it's a metal), Cd (because it is a metal)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{5}\)

Predict the charge on the monatomic ions formed from the following atoms in binary ionic compounds:

Answer a: P^3–

Answer b: Mg²⁺

Answer c: Al³⁺

Answer d: O^2–

Answer e: Cl^–

Answer f: Cs⁺

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{6}\)

Predict the charge on the monatomic ions formed from the following atoms in binary ionic compounds:

a. I
b. Sr
c. K
d. N
e. S
f. In

Answer a: I^-

Answer b: Sr²⁺

Answer c: K⁺

Answer d: N^3-

Answer e: S^2-

Answer f: In³⁺

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{7}\)

Write the noble gas electron configuration for each of the following ions:

a. As^3–
b. I^–
c. Be²⁺
d. Cd²⁺
e. O^2–
f. Ga³⁺
g. Li⁺
h. N^3–
i. Sn²⁺
j. Co²⁺
k. Fe²⁺
l. As³⁺

Answer a: [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶

Answer b: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²5p⁶

Answer c: 1s²

Answer d: [Kr]4d¹⁰

Answer e: [He]2s²2p⁶

Answer f: [Ar]3d¹⁰

Answer g: 1s²

Answer h: [He]2s²2p⁶

Answer i: [Kr]4d¹⁰5s²

Answer j: [Ar]3d⁷

Answer k: [Ar]3d⁶

Answer l: [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{8}\)

Write out the full electron configuration for each of the following atoms and for the monatomic ion found in binary ionic compounds containing the element:

Answer a

Al: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹

Al³⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶

Answer b

Br: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁵

Br^-: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶

Answer c

Sr: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶5s²

Sr²⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶

Answer d

Li: 1s²2s¹

Li⁺: 1s²

Answer e

As: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p³

As³^-: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶

Answer f

S: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴

S^2-:1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{9}\)

What information can you use to predict whether a bond between two atoms is covalent or ionic?

Answer: The position of the two atoms on the periodic table: two nonmetals form a covalent bond, while a metal and a nonmetal form an ionic bond.

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Contributors and Attributions

Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke), Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) and Richard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors. Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd...a7ac8df6@9.110).
Adelaide Clark, Oregon Institute of Technology

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