1: Chapters
- Page ID
- 240440
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 1.1: Unbranched Alkanes
- The page discusses the naming of unbranched alkanes, which are saturated hydrocarbons with only single carbon-carbon bonds and maximum hydrogen atoms. It provides a table listing alkanes with up to ten carbon atoms, including methane, ethane, propane, and others, with their molecular and condensed structural formulas, and boiling points.
- 1.2: Constitutional Isomers
- The page introduces the concept of constitutional isomers using alkanes as an example. Constitutional isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas or bonding arrangements. The text discusses pentane, an alkane with five carbon atoms, and illustrates its three constitutional isomers, including unbranched and branched forms. Practice questions are provided to engage learners in identifying and drawing constitutional isomers of heptane and hexane.
- 1.3: Alkyl Substituents
- This page provides guidance on naming organic molecules with alkyl substituents. An alkyl group is an alkane-derived substituent attached to a molecular structure to form a branched molecule. Alkyl groups are named similarly to straight-chain alkanes. Several examples, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups, are given, with condensed structures listed. The page further explains the IUPAC naming system, using a prefix, parent, and suffix.
- 1.4: Alkenes and Alkynes
- The content focuses on the naming conventions for alkenes and alkynes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by double and triple carbon-carbon bonds, respectively. The naming follows the IUPAC system using the prefix-parent-suffix format. The presence of double or triple bonds, referred to as functional groups, often determines the site of chemical reactions.
- 1.5: Halogens
- This page provides a guide to naming halogenated hydrocarbons, emphasizing the use of halogens from Group 7A, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in reactions to form alkyl halides. It explains the IUPAC system of nomenclature using the prefix-parent-suffix method to reflect the molecule's substituents, carbon count, and family. Practice questions are posed to apply this knowledge, alongside tasks to write naming instructions and practice naming drawn alkyl halides.
- 1.6: Benzene and Conjugation
- The page provides an educational overview of naming benzene derivatives, explaining the unique chemistry and unexpected stability of aromatic hydrocarbons. Despite being labeled as 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene, benzene's double bonds do not behave as typical alkenes due to electron sharing, forming a conjugated system. The text explains naming conventions for benzene derivatives, including positional terms like ortho, meta, and para.
- 1.7: Alcohols
- The document focuses on the naming conventions of alcohols and phenols in organic chemistry. It explains that an alcohol is characterized by a hydroxy (-OH) group attached to an alkyl group, abbreviated as R-OH. Practice questions guide students through naming various alcohols and phenols, often requiring them to number the carbon atoms in the chains. The text also differentiates phenols, which have the -OH group attached to an aromatic ring.
- 1.8: Ethers
- This page focuses on the naming of ethers in organic chemistry, specifically exploring the use of "R-O-R" to denote ethers, where R represents alkyl groups. It provides examples, such as diethyl ether (IUPAC: ethoxyethane) and ethyl methyl ether (IUPAC: methoxyethane), along with questions that prompt readers to identify the common and IUPAC names of various molecules, practice numbering carbons, and apply naming rules. Instructions are also sought for teaching ether nomenclature.
- 1.9: Aldehydes and Ketones
- This page focuses on learning how to name aldehydes and ketones, both of which contain the carbonyl group (C=O). It provides a comparison between aldehydes, which have a hydrogen or an R group attached, and ketones, which have two R groups. The page offers practice questions where learners are invited to name various chemical structures and number the carbons accordingly. It also includes known compounds like methanal (formaldehyde) and 2-propanone (acetone) for reference.
- 1.10: Carboxylic acids and Esters
- This page outlines the learning objective of naming carboxylic acids and esters. It explains the structural components of a carbonyl group and carboxy group, and identifies common and formal names for various carboxylic acids, such as acetic and benzoic acid. The process of esterification and naming esters is also discussed. The page includes practice questions that challenge students to name molecules based on structural information and to apply naming conventions effectively.
- 1.11: Amines and Amides
- This page focuses on the nomenclature of amines and amides. Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of R groups attached to the nitrogen. The two main naming conventions for amines are IUPAC and Chemical Abstract Service (CAS). Similarly, amides are derived from carboxylic acids with the -OH group replaced by an amino group and are also categorized based on substitution. Specific molecule examples are provided with their names in both nomenclature systems.