3.2: An Overview of Functional Groups
- Page ID
- 30317
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
Functional Group Tables
Exclusively Carbon Functional Groups
Group Formula |
Class Name | Specific Example | IUPAC Name | Common Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkene | H2C=CH2 | Ethene | Ethylene | |
Alkyne | HC≡CH | Ethyne | Acetylene | |
Arene | C6H6 | Benzene | Benzene |
Functional Groups with Single Bonds to Heteroatoms
Group Formula |
Class Name |
Specific Example |
IUPAC Name |
Common Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Halide | H3C-I | Iodomethane | Methyl iodide | |
Alcohol | CH3CH2OH | Ethanol | Ethyl alcohol | |
Ether | CH3CH2OCH2CH3 | Diethyl ether | Ether | |
Amine | H3C-NH2 | Aminomethane | Methylamine | |
Nitro Compound | H3C-NO2 | Nitromethane | ||
Thiol | H3C-SH | Methanethiol | Methyl mercaptan | |
Sulfide | H3C-S-CH3 | Dimethyl sulfid |
Functional Groups with Multiple Bonds to Heteroatoms
Group Formula |
Class Name |
Specific Example |
IUPAC Name |
Common Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrile | H3C-CN | Ethanenitrile | Acetonitrile | |
Aldehyde | H3CCHO | Ethanal | Acetaldehyde | |
Ketone | H3CCOCH3 | Propanone | Acetone | |
Carboxylic Acid | H3CCO2H | Ethanoic Acid | Acetic acid | |
Ester | H3CCO2CH2CH3 | Ethyl ethanoate | Ethyl acetate | |
Acid Halide | H3CCOCl | Ethanoyl chloride | Acetyl chloride | |
Amide | H3CCON(CH3)2 | N,N-Dimethylethanamide | N,N-Dimethylacetamide | |
Acid Anhydride | (H3CCO)2O | Ethanoic anhydride | Acetic anhydride |