Questions and Problems

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1. Fill in the blanks in the following statement: Living organisms carry out chemical processes in ________, which are bodies of the order of a __________ in size.

2. Name several constituents of living cells. What are two constituents typical of plant cells?

3. What are hormones? Where are they produced?

4. To what general class of kinds of biomolecules do enzymes belong? What is their function?

5. How are enzymes named?

6. How does temperature relate to enzyme action, particularly as it pertains to enzymes acting in the body?

7. What is recombinant DNA? Why is it produced?

8. What is metabolism? How is respiration related to metabolism?

9. What can natural ecosystems teach humans about how to manage their industrial systems?

10. Distinguish between bioaccumulation and biomagnification as they apply to lipid-soluble organic compounds.

11. What are six characteristics shared by all living organisms?

12. What are the four basic kinds of molecules that comprise living organisms?

13. Photosynthesis is the reaction that provides food and energy to keep biological systems going. What important biological process is the opposite of photosynthesis?

14. What are the six kingdoms of living organisms?

15. Justify the statement that human beings are oxic heterotrophs.

16. What is the general effect of good living conditions, such as mild climate and abundant nutrients, on ecosystems?

17. Give four organelles found in eukaryotic cells.

18. What huge effect did photosynthesis by cyanobacteria have upon the atmosphere in the early years of life on earth?

19. In order to use the food that humans eat, it must undergo digestion and respiration. What is the distinction between these two phenomena?

20. What is the explanation of high levels of persistent organic compounds in nonindustrialized polar regions?

21. Describe the overall process of enzyme action.

22. Name two important aspects of enzymes as they relate to green chemistry.

23. Which three elements are commonly regarded as plant fertilizers?

24. Name two ways in which messages are sent in the body of an animal. Do they have about the same speed?

25. Give examples of organs that produce hormones.

26. Describe a concern pertaining to synthetic chemicals and hormones.

27. Name a concern other than mutations regarding exposure to mutagens.

28. In order for an organism to live and thrive, its internal environment must be maintained within acceptable limits. Give the name of this state.

29. Name some of the critical factors in an ecosystem. How do functioning ecosystems handle materials?

30. Tropical rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, and grasslands are all examples of_________.

31. Name four characteristics that enable life systems to respond well to stress.

32. What are symbiotic relationships between organisms? Give an example.

33. Name several factors that have contributed to the increased agricultural productivity of biomass and another factor that promises such increases in the future.

34. Define the human genome and give reasons why it is so important.

35. What are the relationships among cell DNA, RNA, and ribosomes in protein synthesis?

36. Name some substances that are beneficial to human health that are made by genetically engineered organisms. Name the organism often used for this purpose.

37. What was the “green revolution?” What technology will likely result in a “second green revolution?”

38. How is transgenic technology distinguished from conventional breeding techniques? What kind of biomolecule makes transgenic technology possible?

39. Distinguish between bioaccumulation and biomagnification

40. What are xenobiotic substances? What kind of metabolic process is largely responsible for their biodegradation?