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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_Biochemistry/9.01%3A_Organic_MoleculesBiochemistry is the discipline that studies the chemistry of life, and its objective is to explain form and function based on chemical principles. Organic chemistry is the discipline devoted to the st...Biochemistry is the discipline that studies the chemistry of life, and its objective is to explain form and function based on chemical principles. Organic chemistry is the discipline devoted to the study of carbon-based chemistry, which is the foundation for the study of biomolecules and the discipline of biochemistry. Both biochemistry and organic chemistry are based on the concepts of general chemistry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_Biochemistry/9.E%3A_Microbial_Biochemistry_(Exercises)Structural diagrams for the linear and cyclic forms of a monosaccharide are shown. (a) What is the molecular formula for this monosaccharide? (Count the C, H and O atoms in each to confirm that these ...Structural diagrams for the linear and cyclic forms of a monosaccharide are shown. (a) What is the molecular formula for this monosaccharide? (Count the C, H and O atoms in each to confirm that these two molecules have the same formula, and report this formula.) (b) Identify which hydroxyl group in the linear structure undergoes the ring-forming reaction with the carbonyl group.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_Biochemistry/9.05%3A_Using_Biochemistry_to_Identify_MicroorganismsAccurate identification of bacteria is essential in a clinical laboratory for diagnostic and management of epidemics, pandemics, and food poisoning caused by bacterial outbreaks. In this section, we w...Accurate identification of bacteria is essential in a clinical laboratory for diagnostic and management of epidemics, pandemics, and food poisoning caused by bacterial outbreaks. In this section, we will discuss a few methods that use biochemical characteristics to identify microorganisms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/11%3A_Tissue_Injury_and_Aging/11.01%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/11.1.02%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/11%3A_Tissue_Injury_and_Aging/11.01%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/11.1.05%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth_(Exercises)The first factor is the application for which the item will be used and the second factor is the level of resistance to antimicrobial treatment by potential pathogens. Which of the following terms is ...The first factor is the application for which the item will be used and the second factor is the level of resistance to antimicrobial treatment by potential pathogens. Which of the following terms is used to describe the time required to kill all of the microbes within a sample at a given temperature? In the disk-diffusion assay, a large zone of inhibition around a disk to which a chemical disinfectant has been applied indicates ________ of the test microbe to the chemical disinfectant.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/11%3A_Tissue_Injury_and_Aging/11.01%3A_Control_of_Microbial_GrowthHow clean is clean? People wash their cars and vacuum the carpets, but most would not want to eat from these surfaces. Similarly, we might eat with silverware cleaned in a dishwasher, but we could not...How clean is clean? People wash their cars and vacuum the carpets, but most would not want to eat from these surfaces. Similarly, we might eat with silverware cleaned in a dishwasher, but we could not use the same dishwasher to clean surgical instruments. As these examples illustrate, “clean” is a relative term. Car washing, vacuuming, and dishwashing all reduce the microbial load on the items treated, thus making them “cleaner.” But whether they are “clean enough” depends on their intended use.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_Biochemistry/9.02%3A_CarbohydratesThe most abundant biomolecules on earth are carbohydrates. From a chemical viewpoint, carbohydrates are primarily a combination of carbon and water, and many of them have the empirical formula (CH₂O)ₙ...The most abundant biomolecules on earth are carbohydrates. From a chemical viewpoint, carbohydrates are primarily a combination of carbon and water, and many of them have the empirical formula (CH₂O)ₙ, where n is the number of repeated units. This view represents these molecules simply as “hydrated” carbon atom chains in which water molecules attach to each carbon atom, leading to the term “carbohydrates.”
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_Biochemistry/9.03%3A_LipidsAlthough they are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, lipid molecules may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. Lipids serve numerous and diverse purposes in the structure and...Although they are composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, lipid molecules may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. Lipids serve numerous and diverse purposes in the structure and functions of organisms. They can be a source of nutrients, a storage form for carbon, energy-storage molecules, or structural components of membranes and hormones. Lipids comprise a broad class of many chemically distinct compounds, the most common of which are discussed in this section.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/11%3A_Tissue_Injury_and_Aging/11.01%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/11.1.03%3A_Using_Chemicals_to_Control_MicroorganismsIn addition to physical methods of microbial control, chemicals are also used to control microbial growth. A wide variety of chemicals can be used as disinfectants or antiseptics. This section describ...In addition to physical methods of microbial control, chemicals are also used to control microbial growth. A wide variety of chemicals can be used as disinfectants or antiseptics. This section describes the variety of chemicals used as disinfectants and antiseptics, including their mechanisms of action and common uses.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_BiochemistryCells and cell structures include four main groups of carbon-containing macromolecules: polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The first three groups of molecules will be studied throug...Cells and cell structures include four main groups of carbon-containing macromolecules: polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The first three groups of molecules will be studied throughout this chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/SC_149%3A_Cosmetic_Chemistry/09%3A_Basic_Biochemistry/9.04%3A_ProteinsAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
