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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_332_--_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Lund)/7%3A_Acid-base_Reactions/7.1%3A_Overview_of_Acid-Base_ReactionsWe’ll begin our discussion of acid-base chemistry with a couple of essential definitions. The first of these was proposed in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and the English chemist Thomas...We’ll begin our discussion of acid-base chemistry with a couple of essential definitions. The first of these was proposed in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and the English chemist Thomas Lowry, and has come to be known as the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acidity and basicity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_332_--_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Lund)/11%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions/11.1%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_DerivativesThe functional groups at the heart of this chapter are called carboxylic acid derivatives: they include carboxylic acids themselves, carboxylates (deprotonated carboxylic acids), amides, esters, thioe...The functional groups at the heart of this chapter are called carboxylic acid derivatives: they include carboxylic acids themselves, carboxylates (deprotonated carboxylic acids), amides, esters, thioesters, and acyl phosphates.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(SUNY_Oneonta)/12%3A_Reactions_at_the_-Carbon_Part_I/12.E%3A_Reactions_at_the_-Carbon_Part_I_(Exercises)erythrose-4-phosphate) enters the active site and connects to what remains from the original ketose (the red part in the figure below) to form a new ketose (e.g. Aklaviketone, an intermediate in the b...erythrose-4-phosphate) enters the active site and connects to what remains from the original ketose (the red part in the figure below) to form a new ketose (e.g. Aklaviketone, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of rhodomycinone, is derived in a single enzymatic step from akalonic methyl ester, in a reaction in which the carbon-carbon bond indicated by an arrow is formed.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(SUNY_Oneonta)/19%3A_Appendix_I-_Index_of_enzymatic_reactions_by_pathway/19.08%3A_Nucleotide_catabolismSections/problems listed with an asterisk (*) do not discuss the exact reaction indicated, but do discuss a closely related reaction. Uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3) Section 9.2*, Section 11.5; P9....Sections/problems listed with an asterisk (*) do not discuss the exact reaction indicated, but do discuss a closely related reaction. Uridine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.3) Section 9.2*, Section 11.5; P9.1 Thymidine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.4) Section 9.2* Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.2) Section 16.5D Dihydropyrimidase (EC 3.5.2.2) Section 12.5*; P12.11a Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) Section 9.2* Xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.1.4; EC 1.17.3.2) not discussed
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT_(Lund)%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(Soderberg)/Retrosynthetic_analysis_and_metabolic_pathway_predictionAt this point in your organic chemistry career, you have not yet accumulated quite enough tools in your reaction toolbox to tackle most real-life biochemical pathway problems such as the one addressed...At this point in your organic chemistry career, you have not yet accumulated quite enough tools in your reaction toolbox to tackle most real-life biochemical pathway problems such as the one addressed above - but by the time we finish with oxidation and reduction chemistry in chapter 15, you will be able to recognize most of the reaction types that you will encounter in real metabolism, and will be challenged to predict some real pathways in the end-of-chapter problems.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT_(Lund)%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(Soderberg)/Appendix_I%3A_Index_of_enzymatic_reactions_by_pathway/Amino_acid_catabolismTransaminase (EC 2.6.1.1, EC 2.6.1.2) Section 14.4E Argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) Section 12.6, Section 14.1D (to pyruvate): Serine dehydratase (EC 4.3.1.17) Section 13.1B, Section 14.4F (...Transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1, EC 2.6.1.2) Section 14.4E Argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) Section 12.6, Section 14.1D (to pyruvate): Serine dehydratase (EC 4.3.1.17) Section 13.1B, Section 14.4F (to glycine): Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) Section 11.6D, Section 14.4D 2-aminomuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.32) Section 16.4D*, P16.2a (to oxaloacetate): Aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) Section 14.4E EC 1.3.99.13) Section 16.5C, Section 17.3C
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT_(Lund)%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_(Soderberg)/Appendix_I%3A_Index_of_enzymatic_reactions_by_pathway/Nucleoside_biosynthesisPRPP synthetase (EC 2.7.6.1) Section 10.2C; P10.3 Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10) Section 10.2C Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (EC 6.3.3.1) P10.5b, P12.10 Aminoimidazole ribo...PRPP synthetase (EC 2.7.6.1) Section 10.2C; P10.3 Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10) Section 10.2C Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (EC 6.3.3.1) P10.5b, P12.10 Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase (EC 4.2.1.1) Section 13.5* SAICAR synthetase (EC 6.3.2.6) Section 12.2C*; P12.17, C14.4 Adenylosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.2) Section 14.1*; P14.9 IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205) Section 14.2B, Section 16.6B; P16.6 GMP synthetase (EC 6.3.5.2) P10.5a, P12.13
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_333_-_Organic_Chemistry_III_(Lund)/New_Page/7%3A_Acid-base_Reactions/7.4%3A_Acid-base_Properties_of_PhenolsResonance effects involving aromatic structures can have a dramatic influence on acidity and basicity. Notice, for example, the difference in acidity between phenol and cyclohexanol.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_333_-_Organic_Chemistry_III_(Lund)/New_Page/8%3A_Nucleophilic_Substitution_Reactions/8.1%3A_Two_Mechanistic_Models_for_Nucleophilic_SubstitutionAs we begin our study of nucleophilic substitution reactions, we will focus at first on simple alkyl halide compounds. While the specific reactions we'll initially consider do not occur in living thi...As we begin our study of nucleophilic substitution reactions, we will focus at first on simple alkyl halide compounds. While the specific reactions we'll initially consider do not occur in living things, it is nonetheless useful to start with alkyl halides as a model to illustrate some fundamental ideas that we must cover. Later, we will move on to apply what we have earned about alkyl halides to the larger and more complex biomolecules that are undergoing nucleophilic substitution in cells.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_333_-_Organic_Chemistry_III_(Lund)/New_Page/11%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions/11.1%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_DerivativesThe functional groups at the heart of this chapter are called carboxylic acid derivatives: they include carboxylic acids themselves, carboxylates (deprotonated carboxylic acids), amides, esters, thioe...The functional groups at the heart of this chapter are called carboxylic acid derivatives: they include carboxylic acids themselves, carboxylates (deprotonated carboxylic acids), amides, esters, thioesters, and acyl phosphates.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_261_-_Organic_Chemistry_I/10%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Carbonyls/10.2%3A_Nucleophilic_Additions_to_Aldehydes_and_Ketones_-_An_OverviewRecall from chapter 1 that the ketone functional group is made up of a carbonyl bonded to two carbons, while in an aldehyde one (or both) of the neighboring atoms is a hydrogen.
